Chapter 3

• What literary device does Hardy use to convey the complexities of 19th-century love in the quote about "the soft torments, the bitter sweets, the pleasing pains"?


  Oxymoronic language
• What does the passive phrase "wooed and won" suggest about gender roles in 19th-century love according to Hardy?


  It suggests that men have an active role in seduction while women are passive.
• How does Hardy use color imagery in the phrase "yellow melancholy of this one-candled spectacle"?


  He associates the color yellow, typically linked to joy, with age and melancholy.
• In what historical context is "Tess of the D’Urbervilles" set?


  During the first part of the Long Depression from 1873-79.
• What societal issue does Hardy portray through the character's experiences in "Tess of the D’Urbervilles"?


  The sense of poverty and hardship prevalent in the 19th century.
• What does the phrase "something of freshness and even the prettiness of her youth" imply about Tess's perception of beauty?


  It suggests that Tess believes her beauty is inherited from her mother rather than her own qualities.