Topic 1

• What type of bond holds together the secondary structure of protein?


  Hydrogen bonds held together in coils and pleats.
• what is a monomer?

  One of many small molecules that combine together to form a larger monome.
• What is a polymer?


  A large molecule made up of smaller repeating units.
• What are isomers?


  Molecules with the same molecular formula as each other but with the atoms connected to each other in a different way.
• What are the two isomers of glucose?

  Alpha glucose and Beta glucose
• What bond is formed during a condensation reaction?

  Glycosidic bond
• What does glucose + glucose form?

  Maltose
• What does glucose + fructose form?

  Sucrose
• What does glucose + galactose form?

  Lactose
• How can disaccharides be broken down?

  Can be broken down into monomers by using a hydrolysis reaction
• What is a hydrolysis reaction?

  A chemical reaction that involves using water to break down a chemical bond.
• What are examples of reducing sugars?

  Glucose

  Fructose

  Galactose

  Lactose

  Maltose
• What is an example of a non- reducing sugar?

  Sucrose
• What are the properties of lipids?


  contains hydrogen, carbon, oxygen

  proportion of C to H is smaller than in carbohydrates

  insoluble in water

  soluble in organic solvents such as alcohols + acetone
• What are the roles of lipids?


  contribute to the flexibility of cell membrane

  source of energy

  waterproofing

  insulation

  protection
• What forms a triglyceride?


  3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecules

  condensation reaction happens

  water is produced as a by-product
• What is meant by the term saturated?


  Only single bonds between the carbon atoms
• What is meant by the term unsaturated?


  There is one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms.
• What forms a phospholipid?


  2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol molecule, 1 phosphate molecule

  The fatty acids repel water (hydrophobic)

  Phosphate molecule attracts water (hydrophilic)
• What is the name of the bond that form between the glycerol molecule and fatty acids?

  Ester bond
• What are the functions of proteins?

  Catalyse chemical reactions = enzymes

  fight pathogens = antibodies

  transport ions = transporter proteins

  found in hair, nails + connective tissues = structural proteins
• What are some examples of proteins?

  Haemoglobin

  antibodies

  enzymes

  ATP (energy)

  insulin (hormone)
• What are proteins made up of?


  The monomer amino acids
• How are Amino acids held together?


  Are held together by a condensation reaction
• How can you break down a protein down?


  Using a hydrolysis reaction, you can break down a protein into amino acids
• What are proteins held together by?


  Held together by a peptide bond (dipeptide)
• What is the primary structure of a protein?


  sequence of amino acids held in a chain (polypeptide chain)
• What are the shapes of the secondary structure of proteins?


  Alpha-helix

  Beta-sheet
• What are the primary structures held together by in a secondary structure?


  Hydrogen bonds
• What is the tertiary shape of a protein?


  The secondary structure has been twisted and folded even more
• What is the quaternary structure of a protein?


  large proteins made up of multiple polypeptide chains linked together in various different ways.
• What is the test for proteins?

  Biuret test
• What is an enzyme-substrate complex?


  When a substrate fits into the enzyme’s active site.
• What is the ’lock and key’ model?


  Where the substrate fits into the enzyme in the same way a key fits into a lock

  The active site and substrate have a complementary shape.
• What is the ‘induced fit’ model?


  The substrate doesn‘t only have to be the right shape to fit the active site, it has to make the active site change shape in the right way as well.
• What are enzymes examples of?


  Globular proteins

  Quaternary structures
• What factors affect enzymes function?


  Temperature

  pH

  Substrate concentration

  Enzyme concentration
• What is an example of a fibrous protein?


  Structural proteins (Collagen)
• What is an example of a globular protein?


  Metabolic functions (Enzymes)
• Mono --> 1

  Di --> 2

  Tri --> 3

  Tetra --> 4

  Penta --> 5

  hexa --> 6

  Poly --> many