M15

• Precipitation occurs with a free soluble antigen. western blotting uses red blood cells far the indicator

  • The first statement is correct. The second statement is incorrect
• agglutination uses an enzyme for the indicator. Complement fixation occurs with particulate antigens

  • Both of the statements are incorrect
• Neutralization uses anti-human immune serum globulin. ELISA uses an enzyme as an indicator

  • The first statement is incorrect. The second statement is correct
• Attenuated vaccine

  • Measles
  • Rubella
  • Chicken pox
• This vaccines is recommended for certain military and health care personnel

  • Smallpox
• Booster immunization of rabies vaccines should be administered every?

  • 2 yrs
• MMR stands for

  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella
• Early method of vaccination using infected material from a patient

  • Variolation
• Use living but attenuated (weakened) microbes, they closely mimic an actual infection, effective rate 95%

  • attenuated whole-agent vaccines
• Use microbes that have been killed, usually by formalin or phenol

  • Inactivated whole-agent vaccine
• Are inactivated toxin, an exotoxin that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals

  • Toxoid
• Antibodies that neutralizes toxins are called

  • Antitoxins
• Serum containing such antitoxins is referred to as

  • Antiserum
• One that uses antigenic portions of a pathogen, rather than using the whole pathogen

  • Subunit-vaccines
• Uses DNA fragments to produce the protein antigens that will activate the immune system

  • Nuclei acid vaccines
• Resemble intact viruses but do not contain any viral genetic material

  • Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines
• Made from molecules in a pathogen's capsule. Although not very immunogenic, polysaccharide vaccines include those for N. meningitidis and pneumococcal pneumonia

  • Polysaccharide vaccines
• Involve the reaction of soluble antigen with IgG and IgM antibodies to form large, interlocking molecular aggregates called Lattices
• Are precipitation reaction carried out in an agar gel medium

  • immunodiffusion test
• Type of precipitation reaction, Combine immunodiffusion with electrophoresis

  • Immunoelectrophoresis
• Detect antibodies against relatively large cellular antigens, such as those on red blood cells, bacteria, and fungi

  • Direct agglutination tests
• The antibody reacts with the soluble antigen adhering to the particle

  • Indirect agglutination
• identify microorganism in clinical specimen or detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum

  • Fluorescent- Antibody techniques
• used to identify an antigen (microorganism) in a clinical specimen (used to diagnose rabies)

  • Direct FA

  Used to detect the presence of a specific antibody in serum following exposure to microorganism (used to diagnose syphilis)

  • Indirect FA
• Most widely used test. Use antibodies linked to an enzyme

  • ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

  Direct ELISA

  Indirect ELISA