biology 2

Created by

ayoola

Cards (44)

What are the main topics discussed in the video?
DNA, chromosomes, genes, and genomes
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a polymer made up of two strands forming a double helix
How long would a single strand of DNA be if unraveled from a cell?
Over two meters long
How is DNA organized within a cell?
DNA is separated into 46 different sections called chromosomes
How many chromosomes does each human cell have?
46 chromosomes
How many different types of chromosomes do humans have?
23 different types
What are the sex chromosomes in humans?
The sex chromosomes are X and Y
How do sex chromosomes differ between males and females?
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome
When do chromosomes appear in an X shape?
Chromosomes appear in an X shape just before cell division
What is a gene? 
A gene is a small section of DNA that codes for a particular type of protein
What do genes code for?
Genes code for a particular sequence of amino acids
How many different types of amino acids are there?
There are 20 different types of amino acids
How do amino acids relate to proteins?
Amino acids combine in different sequences to form thousands of different proteins
What type of protein do red blood cells need to transport oxygen?
Hemoglobin
What is a genome?
A genome is the entire set of genetic material in an organism
How does an individual's genome compare to that of their parents?
An individual's genome is more similar to their parents' genomes than to strangers'
What can scientists do with the complete human genome?
Scientists can identify genes linked to certain diseases
What is an inherited disease?
An inherited disease is caused by genes inherited from parents
How can genes affect disease risk?
Some genes may increase the risk of certain diseases
What is the role of genes in medical treatment?
Doctors can use genetic information to choose more effective treatments
How can genomes help trace human migrations?
Genomes can show small differences between populations that indicate when they separated
What are the key relationships between DNA, chromosomes, genes, and genomes?
DNA is the chemical that makes up genetic material.
Chromosomes are tightly coiled sections of DNA.
Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
The genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism.
What are the differences between inherited diseases and risk-increasing genes?
Inherited diseases are caused by genes passed from parents.
Risk-increasing genes may not cause a disease but increase the likelihood of developing it.
What can be inferred from the complete human genome?
Identification of genes linked to diseases.
Development of targeted medical treatments.
Insights into human ancestry and migration patterns.
What are the two main ways that organisms can reproduce?
Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
Which organisms can reproduce through both sexual and asexual reproduction?
Some plants
What type of reproduction do most animals rely on?
Sexual reproduction
How do bacteria reproduce?
Asexually
What is the key point of sexual reproduction?
It involves the fusion of male and female gametes
What is fertilization in the context of sexual reproduction?
The fusion of male and female gametes
Why are offspring from sexual reproduction genetically different?
Because they contain a mixture of their parents' genes
How many chromosomes does a normal human cell have?
46 chromosomes
How many chromosomes do human gametes have?
23 chromosomes
What happens when two gametes fuse together?
The resulting cell will have 46 chromosomes
What is meiosis? 
A process that produces gametes with half the genetic material
Does sexual reproduction have to involve sexual intercourse?
No, it just refers to the fusion of male and female gametes
How do plants reproduce sexually? 
By the combination of pollen and egg cells
What is a key characteristic of asexual reproduction?
It involves only one parent and no mixing of genetic material
What is the result of asexual reproduction?
All offspring are identical clones