electrolytes

• What is the primary function of potassium in the body?


  To maintain heart and muscle contraction
• What is hyperkalemia and what is its threshold level?

  Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by potassium levels over 5.0
• What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?


  Signs include tight and contracted heart, ST elevation, peaked T-waves, and wide QRS complexes
• What are the gastrointestinal symptoms associated with hyperkalemia?

  Diarrhea and hyperactive bowel sounds
• What neuromuscular symptoms are seen in hyperkalemia?


  Paralysis in extremities, paresthesia, increased deep tendon reflexes, and profound muscle weakness
• What potassium level is considered hypokalemia?

  Less than 3.5
• What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

  Flat T-waves, ST depression, and prominent U waves
• What are the gastrointestinal symptoms associated with hypokalemia?

  Decreased motility, hypoactive bowel sounds, constipation, and abdominal distension
• Why is paralytic ileus a concern in hypokalemia?

  It could lead to a small bowel obstruction (SBO)
• What are the priority signs for both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia?

  Both conditions can cause confusion and weakness
• What are the three functions of sodium in the body?

  To maintain blood pressure, blood volume, and pH balance
• What are the signs of hypernatremia?


  Flush red cheeks, big and bloated appearance, and low-grade fever
• What are the late signs of hypernatremia?


  Swollen dry tongue, nausea, vomiting, and increased muscle tone
• What are the priority signs of hyponatremia?

  Seizures, tachycardia, and respiratory arrest
• What are the signs of hyperchloremia?


  Nausea, vomiting, swollen dry tongue, and confusion
• What are the signs of hypochloremia?

  Excessive diarrhea, vomiting, sweating, and fever
• What is the main function of magnesium in the body?

  To maintain law and order in the muscles
• What are the signs of hypermagnesemia?

  Calm heart with heart blocks, bradycardia, and hypotension
• What are the signs of hypomagnesemia?

  Torsades de pointes, tachycardia, and hyperreflexia
• What are the gastrointestinal symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

  Diarrhea
• What is the main function of calcium in the body?


  To keep bones, blood, and heartbeats strong
• What are the signs of hypercalcemia?


  Constipation, bone pain, kidney stones, and decreased deep tendon reflexes
• What are the signs of hypocalcemia?

  Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, diarrhea, and circumoral tingling
• What are the risks associated with hypocalcemia?


  Risk for fractures, bleeding, and cardiac dysrhythmias
• What is the relationship between calcium and phosphate?

  They work inversely; if calcium is high, phosphate is low and vice versa
• What are the signs of hyperphosphatemia?


  Weak bones, risk for fractures, weak blood, and risk for bleeding
• What are the signs of hypophosphatemia?


  Constipation, decreased deep tendon reflexes, severe muscle weakness, and decreased heart rate
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

  • Tight and contracted heart
  • ST elevation
  • Peaked T-waves
  • Wide QRS complexes
  • Diarrhea
  • Hyperactive bowel sounds
  • Paralysis in extremities
  • Increased deep tendon reflexes
  • Profound muscle weakness
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

  • Flat T-waves
  • ST depression
  • Prominent U waves
  • Decreased motility
  • Hypoactive bowel sounds
  • Constipation
  • Abdominal distension
  • Paralytic ileus
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

  • Flush red cheeks
  • Big and bloated appearance
  • Low-grade fever
  • Swollen dry tongue
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Increased muscle tone
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

  • Seizures
  • Tachycardia
  • Respiratory arrest
  • Restlessness
  • Fatigue
  • Abdominal cramping
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hyperchloremia?


  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Swollen dry tongue
  • Confusion
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypochloremia?

  • Excessive diarrhea
  • Vomiting
  • Sweating
  • Fever
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

  • Heart blocks
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Depressed shallow respirations
  • Hypoactive bowel sounds
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

  • Torsades de pointes
  • Tachycardia
  • Hyperreflexia
  • Abnormal eye movements
  • Diarrhea
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?


  • Constipation
  • Bone pain
  • Kidney stones
  • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
  • Severe muscle weakness
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

  • Trousseau's sign
  • Chvostek's sign
  • Diarrhea
  • Circumoral tingling
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

  • Weak bones
  • Risk for fractures
  • Weak blood
  • Risk for bleeding
• What are the key signs and symptoms of hypophosphatemia?

  • Constipation
  • Decreased deep tendon reflexes
  • Severe muscle weakness
  • Decreased heart rate
• What is the main focus of the video discussed in the study material?

  The video focuses on electrolyte imbalances and their causes and manifestations.