L2

• What is the definition of stress as a stimulus?

  Stress can be defined as an external stimulus that triggers a response in an individual.
• How is stress defined as a response?

  Stress is defined as the physiological and psychological response to a perceived threat or challenge.
• What does the person-situation interaction refer to in the context of stress?

  The person-situation interaction refers to how individual characteristics and situational factors combine to influence stress levels.

  
• What are the main topics outlined in Lecture 2 about stress?

  1. What is stress?
  2. How do people deal with stress?
  3. What impact does stress have on our health?
• What are some physiological responses to stress?

  Physiological responses to stress include muscle tension, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and increased susceptibility to illness.
• What factors influence the impact of stress?

  Factors influencing the impact of stress include intensity, duration, predictability, controllability, and chronicity of the stressor.
• What are some common negative effects of stress?

  Common negative effects of stress include worry, racing thoughts, low confidence, expecting the worst, and feeling hopeless.
• What are the three main types of coping strategies for stress?

  The three main types of coping strategies are problem-focused, emotion-focused, and avoidant-focused coping.
• What is the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale used for?

  The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale is used to measure the stress load individuals experience based on life events.
• What is the highest stress point on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale?

  The highest stress point on the scale is the death of a spouse, which is assigned 100 points.
• What are some examples of life events on the Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale?

  • Death of spouse (100 points)
  • Divorce
  • Marital separation from mate
  • Death of a close family member
  • Major personal injury or illness
  • Marriage
  • Being fired at work
  • Pregnancy

  
• What is cognitive appraisal in the context of stress?

  Cognitive appraisal refers to the evaluation of the nature and demands of a situation, the resources available to cope, the consequences of the situation, and its personal meaning.

  
• What are the two systems involved in physiological responses to stress?

  The two systems involved are the Sympathetic Adreno-Medullary (SAM) system and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) system.
• What are the components of the SAM system?

  • Sympathetic Neurons
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
• What are the components of the HPA system?

  • Anterior Pituitary
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Cortisol
  • Hypothalamus
• What are the different coping strategies for stress management?

  • Problem Focused: Finding methods to deter stressors.
  • Avoidant Focused: Active distraction, denial, humor.
  • Emotion Focused: Emotional expression, self-blame, rumination.
  • Social Support: Appraisal support, belonging support, tangible support.

  
• What therapeutic approaches are used for stress management?

  Therapeutic approaches include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT), and Pharmacotherapy (e.g., SSRIs).

  
• What are the impacts of stress on health?

  • Psychological well-being
  • Physical illness
  • Immune system function
• What is a common outcome of combat trauma in soldiers?

  A common outcome of combat trauma in soldiers is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
• What health issue is associated with stress conditions at work or home in men aged 47 to 55?

  Coronary Artery Disease is associated with stress conditions at work or home in this population.
• What is the outcome of life events stress in children?

  The outcome of life events stress in children is an increase in respiratory infection episodes.
• What are the main components of the lecture outline on stress?

  1. Definition of stress
  2. Coping mechanisms for stress
  3. Health impacts of stress