definitions of religion

• functional definition, sociologists & example

  -focus on the functions of religion for people and society e.g., the social and psychological function of religion.

  -Durkheim (1915): religion is defined by what it contributes to social cohesion and integration.

  -Yinger (1970): the function of religion is to answer ultimate questions.

  -example: after 9/11, people turned to religion.
• functional definition - AO3

  -inclusive: accounts for a wide range of beliefs that have functions in society.

  -no bias against non-western cultures.

  -integration does not create a religion.
• substantive definition, sociologist and example

  -religion is built on the substance of a religious belief e.g., God. It is clear what is a religion and what is not a religion.

  -Weber (1950): religion is the belief in a supernatural power and cannot be explained by science.

  -example: christians believe in God & worship this God.
• substantive definition - AO3

  -does not account for beliefs that function like a religion but do not believe in a God.

  -western bias, does not include some religions e.g., Buddhism.
• social construct definition, sociologist and example

  -interpretivist approach. Focuses on how people in society define religion.

  -Aldridge (2007): what some people see as a religion, others in society do not. Scientology is considered a religion by followers but is not considered a religion by non-followers. Governments tried to ban scientology.
• social construct - AO3

  -impossible to define and generalise sociological functions of religion as it is different for everyone.