globalisation

• Secularisation - global context

  -it is happening but it is not universal

  -too eurocentric
• Stark & Brainbridge - religious market theory

  -religion is a compensator - religion makes people feel better, it will always be needed.

  -cycle of renewal: when some religions decrease, others grow & attract members.

  -churches need to market themselves & operate like companies, try to attract more customers e.g., messy church.

  -in Europe, there is a dominant religion; America is a melting pot.

  -in Europe, people prefer to be secular as they are forced into traditional religion.

  -AO3: Bruce: they reject that diversity & compensation increase the demand for religion. Stark & Brainbridge misrepresent secularisation theory, the theory doesn't say it is universal.

  -Beckford: this is unsociological as it assumes that people are naturally religious.
• Norris & Inglehart - existential security

  -RMT is too focused on America.

  -religiosity is based on how secure people feel: more secure = less religious.

  -insecure countries are more religious e.g., the middle east - growing populations, increased religion due to socialisation.

  -America being more religious: America is insecure due to a high divide in society, they do not have a welfare state.

  -AO3: Gill & Lundegaarde: places with strong welfare states are less religious; Vasquez: the study was too focused on quant data of income, people with low incomes may not feel insecure; ignores positive reasons.
• Globalisation changing religion

  -cultures & religions are closer than before

  -most world's religions are transnational

  -no place in the world only has one religious idea

  -followers of every religion are everywhere
• Fundamentalism

  -people use their religious beliefs in a violent way to stop them from eroding

  -argue that beliefs & ideologies are increasingly under threat.

  -examples: westboro baptist church; ISIS.
• Fundamentalism: characteristics

  -patriarchy: Hawley (1994) - fundamentalists favour a world that has control over women.

  -'us and them' mentality: separate themselves from everyone else.

  -modern technology: use technology to spread their message/achieve their aim.

  -conspiracy theories: attracted to these theories & ideas that an evil force has control over humans.
• Fundamentalism: studies (1)

  -Giddens: fundamentalism = relatively new concept, fundamentalism happens as they're against globalisation - it undermines their religion.

  -Bauman: globalisation increases risks, fundamentalists try to restore certainty in their beliefs.

  -Castells: project identities: open to change; resistant identities: turn to fundamentalism.

  -Bruce: fundamentalism is in monotheistic religions. Western fundamentalism: happens because of change in own societies.; third world fundamentalism: response to outsider cultures forcing change on other societies.

  -Iran & Islam (1979 revolution): 1950s: more western ideals presented in the culture; 1960s/70s: forced western values on Iran; went back to Clerics leadership (religious) and became more religious.

  -Cultural defence: globalisation lessens the importance of national identities. People use religion to restore their identities.
• Fundamentalism: studies (2)

  -Davie (2013): 2 phases of modernity. Religious fundamentalism: more people believe in science, religious people defy this and become fundamental. Happened after the Enlightenment Project (secular beliefs based on science). Secular fundamentalism: secular people defy & challenge religious beliefs. Optimism is under attack because of uncertainty.

  
  

  -Huntington (1993): religion = core of global conflicts: 'clash of civilisations'. There are seven civilisations. These communicate which means old conflicts between civilisations re-emerge. 'Us vs them mentality'.
• Religion & development

  -Weber: calvanism/protestants, brought about capitalism.

  -Piety movements: pentecostalism - men can't drink, allowed capitalism to grow in Latin America. AO3: it is not the movement, it is the resources Brazil has.

  -Nanda (2008): Hinduism allowed the Indian economy to grow. They're more religious as there are lots of Gods, people believe/turn to the God they need. Religion & national identity are inter-related. 93% of Indians said their culture is superior, caused Indians to adopt a civil religion.