Eukaryotic cells and organelles

• What are the two types of cells mentioned in the study material?

  Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• What distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms?

  Prokaryotic organisms are single-celled, while eukaryotic organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells.
• What is the function of organelles in cells?

  Each organelle has a specific function within the cell.
• How do eukaryotic cells compare to prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells, while prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, such as bacteria.
• What additional organelles do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  Plant cells have a cellulose cell wall, a vacuole, and chloroplasts.
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Chloroplasts are the site where photosynthesis takes place.
• What are algal cells similar to, and what do they contain?

  Algal cells are similar to plant cells and contain a cell wall and chloroplasts.
• How do fungal cells differ from plant cells?

  Fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin and do not have chloroplasts.
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  The Golgi apparatus processes and packages new lipids and proteins.
• What is the function of lysosomes?


  Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes used to digest invading cells or break down worn-out components of the cell.
• What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

  Ribosomes are the site where proteins are made.
• How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  The rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes and folds and processes proteins, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes and synthesizes and processes lipids.
• What is the function of the cell wall in plant, algal, and fungal cells?

  The cell wall provides structural support and rigidity to the cell.
• What is the function of the cell vacuole in plant cells?

  The cell vacuole helps maintain pressure inside the cell and keeps the cell rigid.
• What are the functions of specialized cells in multicellular eukaryotic organisms?

  • Specialized cells carry out specific functions.
  • Their structure and organelles are adapted to their roles.
  • Example: Epithelial cells in the small intestine are specialized for absorption.
• How do epithelial cells in the small intestine increase their efficiency in absorbing food?

  Epithelial cells have finger-like projections called villi and folds called microvilli to increase surface area for absorption.
• What is the role of mitochondria in specialized cells?

  Mitochondria provide energy for the transport of digested food molecules into the cell.
• How are specialized cells organized in multicellular organisms?

  • Specialized cells group together to form tissues.
  • Tissues work together to form organs.
  • Different organs make up an organ system.
• What is a tissue?

  A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform a particular function.
• How do epithelial tissue and glandular tissue work together in the stomach?

  Epithelial tissue absorbs food, while glandular tissue secretes chemicals.
• What is the function of cilia on epithelial cells?

  Cilia beat to move mucus out of the lungs.
• How are pancreatic cells adapted for hormone secretion?

  Pancreatic cells contain organelles like ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles for hormone production and secretion.
• What are the key organelles involved in making and secreting hormones in pancreatic cells?

  1. Ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
  2. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - processes proteins
  3. Golgi Apparatus - packages proteins
  4. Vesicles - transport proteins out of the cell
• What is the significance of the cell-surface membrane?

  The cell-surface membrane regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
• What is the role of chromatin in the nucleus?

  Chromatin contains DNA that is protein-bound and is involved in controlling the cell's activities.
• What is the structure of the nuclear envelope?

  The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that contains many pores.
• What is the function of the matrix in mitochondria?

  The matrix contains enzymes involved in respiration.
• What is the function of the stroma in chloroplasts?

  The stroma is a thick fluid where some parts of photosynthesis occur.
• What are grana in chloroplasts?

  Grana are stacks of thylakoid membranes where some parts of photosynthesis occur.
• What is the function of vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus?

  Vesicles store lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transport them out of the cell.
• How do organelles contribute to the function of specialized cells?

  Organelles provide the necessary functions and energy required for the specialized tasks of the cell.
• How does the structure of a specialized cell relate to its function?

  The structure of a specialized cell, including its shape and organelles, is adapted to efficiently perform its specific function.
• What is the plural of mitochondrion?

  Mitochondria
• What is the plural of nucleus?

  Nuclei
• Why is it important to know the structure and function of organelles?

  Understanding organelles is crucial for explaining how cells operate and how specialized cells perform their functions.
• How do the functions of organelles relate to the overall function of the cell?

  The functions of organelles contribute to the cell's overall activities, such as energy production, protein synthesis, and regulation of substances.