Important Biological Molecules

    Cards (41)

    • Monomers
      A small molecule
    • Polymer
      Long chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers
    • What is the bond formed between 2 amino acids
      Dipeptide
    • Where does the peptide bond specifically happen
      It happens between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino groups
    • What are the different protein structure
      Primary Secondary Tertiary and Quaternary
    • Primary structure
      The sequence of the amino acid
    • Secondary Structure
      The protein structure is folded into an alpha helix or beta pleated helix stabilised by the hydrogen bonds
    • Tertiary structure
      Folds into a 3D shape of the proteins entire polypeptide chain which is stabilised by a various of bonds
    • What is Protein?
      Protein is an essential biological molecule that plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including enzyme activity, structure, hormones, immune response, transportation, and regulation.
    • What is the basic unit for Protein
      Amino Acid
    • How are Disaccharides formed
      When two monosaccharides unit joined by glycosidic bond
    • Example of a monosaccharide
      Glucose Fructose and Galactose
    • Example of disaccharides
      Sucrose Lactose Maltose
    • Monosaccharides
      Simplest form of Carbohydrates
    • Polysaccharides
      Complex Carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides units joined by glycosidic bonnds
    • Use of lipids
      • Important constituent of cell membranes
      • Cell signaling
      • Storing energy for the future
      • Can be used fuel
    • Triglycerides
      A type of fatty molecules that play a crucial role in energy storage and metabolism. They are formed by a condensation molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids
    • The structure of a phospholipid
      They contain 2 fatty acids, tails attached to a molecule of glycerol and a phosphate group
    • What is the head and tail of the phospholipid structure
      The head is Hyrdrophillic (attracts water)
      The tail is Hydrophobic (repels water)
    • Ester Bond
      A type of chemical bond formed between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group through a condensation reaction
    • Hydrolysis
      A chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into two or more smaller molecules using water, often used to break down ester bonds
    • Glycosidic Bond
      A type of covalent bond formed between a sugar molecule and a hydroxyl group of another molecule through a condensation reaction
    • What are enzymes?
      Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed.
    • What factors affect enzyme activity?
      1. Temperature
      • Optimal range; too high causes denaturation
      • Too low reduces activity
      1. pH
      • Each enzyme has an optimal pH
      1. Substrate concentration
      • Higher concentration increases reaction rate
      1. Enzyme concentration
      • More enzyme typically means faster reactions
      1. Inhibitors
      • Competitive and non-competitive
      1. Cofactors and coenzymes
      • Some enzymes require these to function
    • What happens to enzyme activity at high temperatures?
      The enzyme denatures, losing its shape and function.
    • Plasma Membrane
      Fill in the blanks
      A) Glycerol
      B) Fatty Acids
      C) Chloestrol
      D) Intergal Protein
      E) Channel Protein
      F) Phospholipid Bilayer
      G) Glycoprotein
    • Phospholipid in a plasma membrane

      Arranges themselves into a bilayer with the hydrophilic head to the aqueous water environment outside and the hydrophobic tails tucked away
    • What does the cholesterol do
      • Stabilises the membrane and makes it better at controlling what it is that can pass through
      • Regulates the fluidity and permeability of the membrane
    • Intergal Protein
      Transports large molecules across the membrane
    • Peripheral Protein
      Involved in communication and some transport
    • Glycoproteins
      Involved in cell recognition
    • Relationship between the size and surface area: volume ratio

      Each time a cell increases in size the surface area:volume ratio increases
    • Carbohydrate Enzyme

      Carbohydrase
    • Protein Enzyme

      Protease
    • Fats Enzyme

      Lipids
    • Examples of Carbohydrase
      Amalyse, Maltose
    • Examples of Protease
      Pepsin (found in stomach)
      Trypsin (found in small intestines)
    • What does Carbohydrase break down Carbohydrates into

      Sugars
    • What does Protease break down Proteins into

      Amino acids
    • What does Lipids break down Fats into 

      Fatty acids
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