Wars of the Roses

• What was the reason behind Henry VIII's actions during his early reign?


  To gain political goodwill from the nobility and the people suffering under his father's financial controls
• How did Henry VIII maintain continuity with his father's foreign policy?


  By honoring his promise to marry Catherine of Aragon
• What did Henry VIII's cancellation of 175 bonds and recognisances signify?


  His effort to win the favor of the nobility and establish independent rule
• What does the continuation of Henry VII’s policies indicate about Henry VIII's approach to potential threats?


  He maintained vigilance and control over potential threats from royal bloodlines
• Who were the chief financial enforcers arrested by Henry VIII shortly after his accession?


  Empson and Dudley
• What was one of Henry VIII's early gestures of goodwill?


  Disbanding the Council Learned in Law
• What characterized the court of Henry VIII?


  It was dedicated to pleasure and refinement
• What were Henry VIII's favorite activities?


  Hunting, tennis, and jousting
• How did Henry VIII view the nobility?


  As friends and associates, but he remained suspicious of potential rivals
• Who was the main candidate of the 'White Rose' party during Henry VIII's reign?


  Edmund de la Pole, the Earl of Suffolk
• What was Henry VIII's response to the Yorkist threat?


  He executed Edmund de la Pole for treason
• How did Henry VIII's financial strategies differ from his father's?


  He did not maintain the same level of personal involvement in financial matters
• What was the impact of Henry VIII's delegation of financial responsibilities?


  It created an unstable political environment based on the king's favor
• Who were the two dominant figures in Henry VIII's adult years?


  Cardinal Thomas Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell
• How did Henry VIII's style of government change from his father's?


  He was less personal and more reliant on chief ministers
• What was Henry VIII's attitude towards Parliament?


  He largely ignored it and did not trust the nobility
• How did Henry VIII utilize Justices of the Peace?


  To carry out his wishes in local government
• What was a key difference in Henry VIII's approach to advisers compared to his father?


  He encouraged talented advisers from outside the nobility
• How did factionalism at court arise during Henry VIII's reign?


  By allowing ministers to assume more power
• What was the shift in foreign policy when Henry VIII came to power?


  From cautious diplomacy to a more aggressive and ambitious approach
• What motivated Henry VIII's desire to revive hostilities with France?


  His eagerness to prove himself and enhance his reputation
• What significant military action did Henry VIII take in 1511?


  He invaded northern France
• What was the outcome of the 'Batte of the Spurs' in 1512?


  Henry captured the town of Tournai
• What were the limitations of Henry VIII's military campaigns in 1511-12?


  The gains were minimal and expensive to uphold
• How did Wolsey's rise to power reflect Henry VII's approach to governance?


  By using talented individuals from outside the nobility
• What was Wolsey's relationship with Henry VIII?


  He aligned himself with Henry's ambitions for action and military glory
• When was Wolsey born?


  1472/1473
• What was Wolsey's initial position at Oxford?


  Bursar (treasurer) of his college
• How did Wolsey's organizational abilities contribute to his rise?


  They allowed him to manage logistical challenges effectively
• What was Henry VIII's frustration with his father's ministers?


  They provided cautious advice, especially in foreign policy
• What was Wolsey tasked with organizing in 1512?


  The expedition to France
• How did Wolsey's efficiency impact his relationship with Henry VIII?


  It impressed Henry and led to his rapid promotion
• What was Wolsey's reputation among his enemies?


  They viewed him as arrogant and vindictive
• How did Wolsey manipulate his relationship with Henry VIII?


  By offering lavish gifts and tokens while promoting his ideas
• What legal powers did Wolsey use to intimidate rivals?


  His powers as Lord Chancellor
• Who was the only man to hold the title of duke by the end of Henry VI's reign?


  Edward Stafford
• What happened to Edward Stafford in 1520?


  He was investigated by Wolsey
• What was Henry VIII's desire regarding military action?


  He wanted to assert his power through military action, particularly against France
• How did Wolsey's administrative talents influence Henry VIII's reign?


  They played a crucial role in managing the kingdom's affairs
• How did factionalism affect Henry VIII's court?


  It created divisions among advisers and influenced decision-making