ARCHER PHARMA

• What is the focus of pharmacokinetics?

  It studies how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body.
• What does absorption in pharmacokinetics refer to?

  It refers to how well a drug can pass into the body.
• How does the route of administration affect drug absorption?

  Different routes of administration can vary the absorption rate of the drug.
• What is the role of distribution in pharmacokinetics?

  Distribution involves carrying the drug throughout the body to sites of action.
• What is the purpose of metabolism in pharmacokinetics?

  Metabolism prepares the drug for elimination from the body.
• Which organ is primarily responsible for drug metabolism?

  The liver is primarily responsible for drug metabolism.
• What does excretion refer to in pharmacokinetics?

  Excretion refers to the elimination of the drug from the body.
• Which organ is primarily responsible for drug excretion?

  The kidneys are primarily responsible for drug excretion.
• What should be monitored during drug excretion?

  Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should be monitored.
• What does pharmacodynamics study?

  Pharmacodynamics studies the chemical changes or effects a drug has on body cells.
• What are the possible effects of a drug on body cells?

  The effects may be reversible or irreversible.
• What is a receptor in pharmacodynamics?

  A receptor is a site on the cell where the medication acts.
• What is the relationship between a drug and its receptor?

  The drug has chemical affinity for the receptor.
• What is an agonist?

  An agonist is any drug that binds to a receptor and activates it.
• What happens when an agonist leaves the receptor?

  When an agonist leaves the receptor, it is deactivated.
• What can occur if covalent bonds happen between an agonist and a receptor?

  Covalent bonds can cause permanent activation until the receptor protein is removed.
• What is an antagonist?

  An antagonist is any drug that binds to a receptor and prevents its activation.
• What is half-life in pharmacology?

  Half-life is the time it takes for the plasma concentration of a drug to be reduced by 50%.
• How many half-lives does it generally take to achieve "steady state" concentrations?

  It generally takes 4 to 5 half-lives to achieve "steady state" concentrations.
• What does LD50 stand for?

  LD50 stands for lethal dose in 50% of the tested population.
• What does ED50 stand for?

  ED50 stands for effective dose in 50% of the tested population.
• What is the therapeutic index?

  The therapeutic index is calculated as LD50/ED50 and indicates the margin of safety of a drug.
• What are some drugs with a narrow therapeutic index?

  • Digoxin
  • Lithium
  • Warfarin
• What are some special considerations when using certain drugs?

  Grapefruit can interact with drugs, prolong QT interval, and cause hepatotoxicity.
• What are the types of drug interactions?

  • Drug-Drug
  • Drug-Food
  • Drug-Disease
• What are the types of drugs used for pain management?

  Types of drugs for pain include local anesthetics, opioid analgesics, and non-opioid analgesics.
• What are the categories of opioid analgesics?

  • Agonists
  • Agonists-Antagonists
  • Antagonists
• What are some examples of local anesthetics?

  Examples of local anesthetics include dibucaine, lidocaine, benzocaine, cocaine, and tetracaine.
• What is the therapeutic class of lidocaine?

  Lidocaine is classified as a local anesthetic.
• What is the indication for lidocaine?

  Lidocaine is indicated for painful procedures and localized pain/discomfort.
• What is the action of lidocaine?

  Lidocaine stops axonal conduction by blocking sodium channels in the axonal membrane.
• What are the nursing considerations for lidocaine?

  Systemic absorption can result in palpitations, tachycardia, and hypertension; it is sometimes used with a vasoconstrictor to limit absorption.
• What are some examples of opioid agonists?

  Examples of opioid agonists include morphine, codeine, meperidine, fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and oxymorphone.
• What is the therapeutic class of morphine?

  Morphine is classified as an opioid analgesic.
• What is the indication for morphine?

  Morphine is indicated for pain management.
• What is the action of morphine?

  Morphine binds to opiate receptors in the CNS and alters the perception of pain while producing general CNS depression.
• What are the nursing considerations for morphine?

  Common side effects include constipation and CNS depression; monitor respiratory rate.
• What is the antidote for morphine overdose?

  The antidote for morphine overdose is naloxone.
• What is the therapeutic class of methadone?

  Methadone is classified as an opioid analgesic - opioid agonist.
• What is the indication for methadone?

  Methadone is indicated for pain management and opioid withdrawal.