Depression

• What is the cognitive approach to treating depression based on?

  The cognitive approach is based on identifying irrational thoughts and developing ways to deal with them.
• Who developed their own forms of cognitive behavioral therapy?

  Both Beck and Ellis developed their own forms of cognitive behavioral therapy.
• What are the two main forms of cognitive behavioral therapy mentioned?

  1. Beck's cognitive therapy
  2. Ellis's rational emotive behavioral therapy
• What is the rationale behind cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

  CBT is based on the idea that beliefs and cognitive assessments affect how individuals perceive themselves and their problems.
• How does CBT aim to change maladaptive behavior?

  CBT aims to change maladaptive behavior by changing the maladaptive thinking underlying it.
• What is the negative triad in Beck's cognitive therapy?

  The negative triad consists of automatic irrational thoughts about the world, the self, and the future.
• What is the central component of Beck's cognitive therapy?

  The central component is to challenge the identified irrational thoughts.
• How might patients test the reality of their negative beliefs in Beck's therapy?

  Patients might be set homework to record enjoyable events or when people were nice to them.
• What does the term "patient as scientist" refer to in Beck's cognitive therapy?

  It refers to patients investigating the reality of their negative beliefs like a scientist would.
• How does the therapist use evidence in future sessions of Beck's therapy?

  The therapist uses evidence gathered from homework to challenge the patient's negative statements.
• What is the process of Beck's cognitive therapy summarized in a flow chart?

  1. Identify irrational thoughts
  2. Challenge thoughts directly
  3. Test the reality of negative beliefs through homework
• What does Ellis's rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) focus on?

  REBT focuses on turning irrational thoughts into rational ones.
• What does the ABCDEF model in REBT stand for?

  1. Activating Event, B: Beliefs, C: Consequences, D: Disputing, E: Effective new beliefs, F: New feelings and emotions.
• What is the key issue to remember about activating events in REBT?

  It is not the activating events that cause unproductive consequences, but the beliefs that lead to self-defeating consequences.
• What are the three ways of disputing irrational thoughts in REBT?

  1. Logical disputing, 2. Empirical disputing, 3. Pragmatic disputing.
• Why is homework important in REBT?

  Homework allows clients to challenge irrational thoughts and experience different situations they might have been avoiding.
• Give an example of homework a client might be assigned in REBT.


  Asking a person out on a date when they had been afraid to do so before.
• What is behavioral activation in CBT?

  Behavioral activation encourages depressed clients to become more active and engage in pleasurable activities.
• How does being active relate to depression in CBT?

  Being active leads to rewards that can counteract depression.
• What is unconditional positive regard in therapy?

  Unconditional positive regard is providing respect and appreciation to the client regardless of their actions.
• What did Evans et al. find regarding CBT and relapse rates?

  Evans et al. found lower relapse rates in patients treated with CBT compared to other treatments.
• What does the supporting research suggest about CBT compared to drug therapies?

  CBT is more effective in treating depression and avoiding relapse compared to antidepressants.
• What is a limitation of CBT in treating severe depression?

  CBT may not be effective for patients with severe depression who lack motivation to engage with the treatment.
• What might be a better alternative for patients with severe depression before engaging in CBT?

  Patients might benefit from antidepressants first to reduce depressive symptoms.
• What does Babyak et al. (2000) suggest about behavioral activation?

  Babyak et al. found that exercise and behavioral activation are effective in reducing depressive symptoms.
• What is a weakness of CBT regarding situational factors?

  CBT may minimize the importance of situational and environmental factors affecting a patient's depression.
• What should be considered alongside CBT to treat depression effectively?

  Consideration should be placed on situational factors alongside CBT.
• How can psychological research into the treatment of depression help the economy?

  • Improves psychological health/treatment programs
  • Reduces time off work, lowering costs
  • Increases productivity and revenue for firms
  • Encourages overseas investment in the UK
• What is the potential impact of effective psychological research on the NHS costs?

  Effective research can prevent the overall costs of treatment for depression.