2B geography

Created by

Ruby Lewis

Cards (121)

Morphology Is the shape and form of coastal landscapes
Lithology is the type of rock / physical characteristics
Relief is the shape of the land
Permeability is can water soak through
Fault lined is cracks
Strata is layers
Fetch is the distance the wave has travelled
Discordant is where the Strata runs perpendicular to the coast at 90 degrees ( from headlands and bays )
Concordant is where rock strata runs parallel to the coastline ( coves are formed )
Formation of a stump
Fault - destructive waves attack, hydraulic action causes cracks to widen
Sea cave - crack widens via hydraulic action and abrasion forming seacave
Arch - sea cave is further eroded from both sides of headland forming an arch from hydraulic action and abrasion
Stack - arch collapses, the base of the arch continually becomes wider through further erosion until its roof becomes to heavy and collapse
Stump - stack is undercut at the base by hydraulic action causing a stump to form
Wave refraction is the change in direction of waves as a result of varying water depth underneath
Dalmatian coastline
Valleys made parallel to the coastline flood when the sea levels rises causing a number of offshore islands to be formed that run parallel to the coast
E.g Croatia
Rocky,emergent coastline
Haff coastline
These coastline form in low energy environments where deposition of muds and sands. Large lagoons are found behind the spits of sand that run parallel to the coast
wave refraction  
this is the change in direction of waves as a result of varying water depths underneath. The wave in shallow waters moves slower than that of the wave in deeper water
The waves energy is concentrated on the headlands and dispersed in bays. This causes erosion on headlands and depositional features within the bays
describe the formation of a stump
crack/fault - destructive waves attack. Hydraulic action causes crack to widen
sea cave- the crack is widened via hydraulic action and abrasion, forming a sea cave
arch- sea cave is further eroded from sides of the headland, arch is formed from hydraulic action and abrasion
stack-arch collapses the base of the arch continually becomes wider through further erosion until its roof becomes too heavy and collapses into the sea
stump- the stack is undercut at the base by hydraulic action causing a stump to form
order of sand dunes
embryo dune
fore dune
yellow dune
grey dune
dune slack
climax community mature dunes
characteristics of embryo dunes
youngest dunes
couple months old
just above high tide mark
driftwood rock, shell or little can be the obstacle(obstacle is the sand accumalation)
features of a summer beach
sediment returned by constructive waves
beach profile is steeper when constructive waves are more common than destructive
features of winter beaches
sediment dragged offshore by destructive waves
destructive waves occur at higher frequency
berms eroded by plunging waves and high energy swash
characteristics of destructive waves
high energy
steep plunging waves
stronger backwash than swash
more frequent 13-15 waves per minute
shorter wavelength
causes erosion
characteristics of constructive waves
low energy
shallow surging waves
stronger swash than backwash
less frequent 6-9 waves per minute
longer wavelength
causes deposition
what is the coast known as?
coast is known as the littoral zone. This is the area that extends from the highest sea level line to shallow offshore water
what does BFNO stand for
backshore
foreshore
nearshore
offshore
short term influences on the coast
storms
tides
types of waves
river sediment input
long term influence on the coast
climate change
sea level change
geology
factors that determine wave size and strength
strength of wind
how long the wind has been blowing for
distance the wave has traveled
how are waves formed
waves are formed by the wind blowing over the surface of the sea
things that stop longshore drift
river estuary
groyne
headland
what is longshore drift
longshore drift is the process responsible for moving significant amounts of sediment along the coast in a zig-zag motion
what is deposition 
when sea loses energy it drops sediment it has been transporting
transportation processes 
saltation
suspension
solution
traction
what is traction 
relatively large and heavy rocks are rolled along the sea bed
what is suspension 
lighter sediment is carried in the water
what is solution (deposition)
dissolved sediment is carried
what is saltation 
smaller and lighter rocks 'bounce' along the sea bed
what are examples of resultant depositional landforms
spit
bar
tombolo
barrier beaches
cuspate forelands
when will erosion rates be highest
waves are high and have a long fetch
waves approach coast perpendicular
at high tide
heavy rainfall occurs
in winter
wave cut notch and wave cut platforms
at high tide destructive waves(hydraulic action/abrasion/wave quarrying) causes the rock to wear away.A curved wave cut notch forms along the length of the cliff at high tide mark. As erosional processes are repeated the notch migrates inland and cliff retreats due to mass movement and undercutting ( cliff is too heavy) leaving a wave cut platform
what is hydraulic action
when a wave advances air can be trapped and compressed. Then when the wave retreats the compressed air expands again.This continuous process can weaken joins and cracks in the cliff causing pieces of rock to break off. The force of the breaking wave can also hammer a rock surface
what is abrasion (corrasion)
when waves advances they pick up sand and pebbles from the seabed. Then when they break at the base of the cliff the transported material is hurled at the cliff foot- chipping away at the rock. The size and amount of sediment picked up by the waves along with the types of wave experienced determines the relative importance