human

• Risk equation

  $Hazard risk =$$Hazard*$$Vulnerability / capacity to cope$
• Natural hazard

  • Natural event that has the potential to harm people and property
• Natural Disaster

  • Is the realisation of the hazard
• Vulerability can be classified into :

  • Physical
  • economic
  • social
  • knowledge
  • environmental
• What are the three main sectors of the PAR model

  • root causes
  • Dynamic pressures
  • Unsafe conditions
• Root causes

  • Population
  • expansion
  • Poor quality
  • Housing
  • Rural urban
  • migration
• Dynamic pressures

  • Poor government
  • lack of regulation
  • Lack of preparations and training
  • lack of healthcare
  • low literacyrates
  • lack of awareness of disaster risk
• Unsafe conditions

  • Disaster prone locations
  • fragile local economy
  • poor quality housing
  • unsafe infastructure and buildings
• What is risk

  • The probability of harm or loss taking place:
  • death
  • trauma
  • injuries
  • loss of job
  • loss or damage to property
• EMDAT geophysical hazards inreasing in countries such as

  • China
  • India
  • Pakistan
  • Philipines
• Tectonic hazards

  • Its estimated only about 2.2% of deaths from natural hazards are due to earthquakes and secondary hazards
  • volcanoes account for only 0.1%
  • Most were due to slow onset hazards such as drought, famine.
  • This means the duration of an event is important as vulnerability increases with time.
• Why has the cost of tectonic hazards risen?

  • infrastructure is more expensive
  • Places have more expensive technology to protect themselves
  • Higher insurance claims
  • Increased pop‘n so greater number of buildings so more money to rebuild
  • People living in more hazardous locations because of lack of space
  • Rural-urban migration
• what is the root cause of all vulnerability

  • Poverty
  • Education
  • Politics
• Reasons for complex trends

  • Tectonic disasters are not increasing - better factors make us feel that they are
  • Mega disasters often have global/ international/regional impacts
  • Increased population especially on marginal land and coastal areas can alter our perception
  • hydrometeoro hazards are increasing along with their intensity - possibly due to climate change
• reasons for complex trends : 2

  • the increase of global wealth
  • More people can afford to travel thanks to the growth of the internet and tourism
  • Growth of global inequality
• Volcanic hazards

  • volcano
  • pyroclastic flow and ash
  • Mudslides and infrastructure damage(Lahars and Tephra)
• Earthquake Hazards

  • Earthquake
• what other hazards are there

  • flooding
  • Tsunami
• Hazard management cycle


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• Relief

  • consists of on the ground help
  • Initial saving of lives
  • Firefighting
  • Monotoring of secondary disaster
  • Food,medical supplies clean water
• Rehabilitation (days-weeks)

  • Construction of temporary housing
  • Establishment of tent villages
  • Re establish some basic infrastructure
  • communications
• Reconstruction (weeks-years)

  • Rebuilding infastructure
  • housing and reconstruction begin
  • Disaster resistant reconstruction
  • appropriate land use planning
  • livelihood support
  • industrial rehabilitation planning
• stages of response

  • Relief
  • Rehabilitation
  • Reconstruction
• Mitigation

  • actions and interventions that a community can use to help reduce vulnerability in advance of tectonic hazard
• Adaption

  • ways in which communities may be able to live with a tectonic hazard by making adjustments to help communities reduce risk
• What is prediction in the context of hazards?


  Prediction refers to where a hazard might occur.
• Where do earthquakes typically occur?


  Earthquakes occur on plate boundaries.
• What does "spatially only" refer to in hazard prediction?


  It indicates that prediction is limited to geographical locations.
• What magnitude of earthquakes can trigger tsunamis?


  Tsunamis occur at a magnitude of 6.0Mw or higher.
• What is the Seismic Gap theory?


  The Seismic Gap theory suggests that areas along a fault that have not experienced recent earthquakes are likely to experience one in the future.
• What is forecasting in the context of hazards?


  Forecasting involves predicting when, where, and the likely magnitude of a hazard.
• What limits forecasting in hazard prediction?

  Forecasting is limited to return periods.
• What are hazard profiles?

  • Hazard profiles are tools used to compare different hazards.
  • They include characteristics such as frequency, magnitude, and duration.
  • They help in understanding the potential impact of hazards.
• What role does past experience play in hazard prediction?

  Past experience informs predictions based on historical data.
• What are the main sources of aid?

  NGOs, Governments, and IGOs
• Why is aid often given to corrupt countries?


  Because it fails to reach those in need
• What are the sources of disaster aid?

  • EU
  • World Bank
  • Red Cross
  • Médecins Sans Frontières
  • UN
  • Asian Development Bank
  • Individual countries
• What expertise is needed to provide relief essentials?

  Religious groups, celebrities, and TNCs
• What are the essential relief items provided in disaster aid?


  • Food
  • Water
  • Shelter
  • Medical care
  • Search and rescue
  • Helicopters and planes
• How much aid did Haiti receive in 2010?


  $4.5 billion