Anaphy 2

    Cards (32)

    • What is the basic unit of organization of all organisms according to cell theory?
      Cells
    • What does cell theory state about the origin of cells?
      Cells arise only from preexisting cells through the process of cell division.
    • According to cell theory, what are all organisms composed of?
      One or more cells
    • What does it mean that all existing cells are descendants of the first cells?
      It means that all cells have evolved from the original cells formed early in the evolutionary history of life.
    • What are the three main types of microscopy mentioned for cellular studies?
      • Light microscopy (LM)
      • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
      • Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
    • What is the average size of most plant and animal cells?
      Approximately 30 μm
    • What shape are red blood cells?
      Biconcave disc
    • What is the function of the plasma membrane?

      It acts as a barrier separating the inside and outside of the cell.
    • How does the plasma membrane control the flow of substances?

      By regulating what enters and exits the cell.
    • What role does the plasma membrane play in cell identification?
      It helps identify the cell to other cells, such as immune cells.
    • What is the role of membrane proteins in cellular function?

      They participate in various functions such as signaling, transport, and cell recognition.
    • What is the function of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane?
      They bind to chemical messengers such as hormones.
    • What is the difference between channel proteins and gated channel proteins?
      Channel proteins are constantly open, while gated channel proteins open and close at certain times.
    • What is the role of cell-identity markers?
      They distinguish the body's own cells from foreign cells.
    • What is the function of cell-adhesion molecules (CAM)?
      They bind one cell to another.
    • What are the methods of crossing the plasma membrane?
      • Diffusion
      • Facilitated transport
      • Active transport
      • Endocytosis
      • Exocytosis
    • What is diffusion?

      Movement of substances toward lower concentration until equilibrium is reached.
    • What is osmosis?
      It is a type of diffusion involving the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
    • What happens to animal cells in an isotonic solution?
      There is no net movement of water.
    • What occurs in a hypotonic solution?
      Water enters the cell, which may burst (lysis).
    • What occurs in a hypertonic solution?
      Water leaves the cell, which shrivels (crenation).
    • What is active transport?
      Movement of substances against a concentration gradient that requires cellular energy in the form of ATP.
    • What is the sodium-potassium pump?
      It is a carrier-assisted active transport mechanism that moves sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane.
    • What is endocytosis?
      It is the process where tiny vesicles detach from the plasma membrane to move materials into a cell.
    • What is exocytosis?
      It is the process where vesicles merge with the plasma membrane to move materials out of a cell.
    • What are the types of endocytosis?
      • Phagocytosis
      • Pinocytosis
      • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    • What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

      It is the selective uptake of large molecules and particles through specific receptors in membrane areas called clathrin-coated pits.
    • What is the role of vesicles in cellular transport?
      They transport materials around the cell or across the plasma membrane.
    • What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump in terms of ion transport?

      It expels 3 sodium ions (Na+) from the cytosol and imports 2 potassium ions (K+) into the cell.
    • What triggers the sodium-potassium pump to change shape?
      The binding of sodium ions and the splitting of ATP into ADP and phosphate.
    • What happens to the sodium-potassium pump after potassium ions bind to it?
      It returns to its original shape, moving potassium ions into the cell.
    • What are the steps involved in the sodium-potassium pump mechanism?
      1. Sodium ions bind to the pump.
      2. ATP is split into ADP and phosphate.
      3. The pump changes shape and expels sodium ions.
      4. Potassium ions bind to the pump.
      5. The pump returns to its original shape and imports potassium ions.
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