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• What is the path of oxygen in the respiratory system?

  Nose/mouth → Nasal Passages → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli → Blood
• What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

  The diaphragm contracts during inhalation.
• What occurs during exhalation in terms of diaphragm movement?

  The diaphragm relaxes and expands during exhalation.
• Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

  Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
• What are the steps of how the breathing system works?

  1. Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs via pulmonary artery.
  2. Gas exchange occurs between capillaries and alveoli.
  3. Inhaled oxygen enters bloodstream through diffusion.
  4. Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to alveoli for exhalation.
  5. Oxygenated blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein.
  6. Heart pumps oxygenated blood into aorta for distribution.
• How many chambers does the heart have?

  The heart has 4 chambers.
• What are the functions of the ventricles and atria in the heart?

  Ventricles are pumping chambers, while atria are receiving chambers.
• What is the role of arteries in the circulatory system?

  Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
• What is the role of veins in the circulatory system?

  Veins carry blood back to the heart.
• What are the two blood circuits in blood circulation?

  Pulmonary and systemic circuits.
• When does blood flow initiate in the circulatory system?

  Blood flow initiates with the contraction of the ventricles of the heart.
• What characterizes systemic arteries in terms of oxygen concentration?

  Systemic arteries have higher oxygen concentration.
• What are the key concepts of non-Mendelian genetics?

  • Codominance
  • Incomplete Dominance
  • Multiple Alleles
  • Total human chromosomes: 46 (23 from each parent)
  • XX = Female, XY = Male
  • Father's Y chromosome fertilizes female egg to create male.
• What is a sex-linked trait?

  A sex-linked trait is found in the X or Y chromosome.
• What is a sex-influenced trait?

  A sex-influenced trait has different phenotypes between males and females with the same genotypes.
• What is a sex-limited trait?

  A sex-limited trait is an autosomal trait that is limited to one sex.
• What is population density?


  Population density is the number of individual species per size of the area.
• What are PCBs and their effect on the food chain?

  PCBs are toxic waste that increases toxins in animal tissues at each level of the food chain (biological magnification).
• What does it mean when a species is threatened?

  A threatened species begins to decline rapidly.
• What defines an endangered species?

  An endangered species is so rare and low in number that it is at risk of becoming extinct.
• What does it mean when a species is extinct?

  Extinct means the last member of the species has died.
• What are the effects of global warming and climate change?

  Global warming and climate change cause rapid changes in temperature and severe weather conditions.
• What is reforestation?


  Reforestation is the process of replanting trees where the number of trees has been decreasing.
• What are the two biological processes responsible for the cyclic flow of matter in the ecosystem?

  • Photosynthesis
  • Cellular respiration
• Where does respiration occur in the cell?


  Respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
• Where does photosynthesis take place in the plant cell?

  Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts.
• What are the raw materials of respiration?

  The raw materials of respiration are the products of photosynthesis.
• What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  Carbon dioxide (CO₂) + Water (H₂O) + Light energy → Sugar/glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) + Oxygen (O₂)
• How do plants contribute to the rising of Earth's temperature?

  Plants absorb carbon dioxide, which contributes to the rising of Earth's temperature.
• What is the significance of the phrase "Non scholae sed vitae"?


  • It means "We do not learn for school, but for life."
  • Emphasizes the importance of learning for practical life applications.