12. Sign Test

• Step 1 - positive or negative?

  • Convert the data from the table to nominal data
  • Subtract the data in the second column from the first
  • Record how many negative and how many positive numbers
• Step 2 - adding up

  • Add up how many positive numbers and how many negative numbers there are in total
• Step 3 - the calculated value

  • The less frequent value is the calculated value
  • Data in the table that is calculated as 0 is ignored
• Step 4 - calculated vs. critical value

  • To be significant the calculated value needs to be equal or less to the critical value
  • Find the critical value by looking for the stated level of significance (usually 0.05) and the amount of pps in a second table
• Model answer

  • The result is/is not significant as the calculated value of S=_ is more/less than the critical value of 5 for a one-tailed/two-tailed test at p = 0.05 where N = _