Health and social care

• What is the age range defined as infancy?

  0-3 years old
• What are the key physical growth milestones for infants from birth to 3 years?

  • Average length at birth: 51 cm
  • Length at 1 year: 75 cm
  • Length at 3 years: 94 cm
  • Birth weight: 3.3 kg
  • Weight at 6 months: 6.6 kg (doubling)
  • Weight at 1 year: 9.9 kg (tripling)
  • Weight at 3 years: 14 kg
• When do milk teeth first appear in infants?

  Around 6 months
• How many teeth do most children have by age 2-3 years?


  Most children have a full set of 20 teeth
• What are the gross motor skills milestones for infants from 3 months to 3 years?

  • 3 months: Kick legs vigorously
  • 6 months: Sit with support and roll over
  • 9 months: Crawl and shuffle
  • 12-18 months: Walk alone
  • 18 months: Walk down stairs with hand held, roll and throw a ball
  • 3 years: Walk on tiptoes and pedal a tricycle
• What are the fine motor skills milestones for infants from 4 months to 3 years?

  • 4 months: Adapt grasping reflex to hold a rattle
  • 6 months: Pass an object from one hand to another
  • 9 months: Develop pincer grip to pick up small items
  • 12 months: Neat pincer grip, pick up items from the floor
  • 18 months: Hold a crayon and scribble
  • 24 months: Draw circles and dots, build a tower of 6 bricks
  • 36 months: Turn pages in a book, draw a face, thread large beads
• What types of noises do infants make by 1 month?

  Infants make noises when spoken to, including cooing and gurgling
• What language skills do infants develop by 6 months?

  Infants babble and use monosyllables like 'ga ga', and understand words like 'mama' and 'dada'
• How many recognisable words can an infant use by 18 months?

  Up to 40 recognisable words
• What language ability do infants have by 36 months?

  Infants use telegraphic speech and can carry on simple conversations
• What cognitive milestones do infants achieve from 1 month to 36 months?

  • 1 month: Recognises primary carer
  • 3 months: Takes interest in surroundings
  • 6 months: Understands objects and expectations
  • 15 months: Understands names of body parts and identifies pictures
  • 24 months: Understands consequences and follows simple instructions
  • 36 months: Matches primary colours, understands time, sorts objects
• What is a gradual physical decline in the body associated with?

  Structure and functioning of the body
• How does skin change with age?

  It loses elasticity and develops wrinkles
• What happens to vision as people age?

  It deteriorates and glasses may be needed
• What common eye problems may develop with age?

  Glaucoma and cataracts
• What happens to bones as individuals age?

  They lose density and fracture more easily
• What can cause weight gain in older adults?

  Decreased physical activity and slower metabolism
• What hearing difficulties may arise with age?

  Difficulty hearing high-pitched noises
• What dental issues are common in older adults?

  Gum recession and tooth loss
• How does hair change as people age?

  It grows slower, turns grey, and thins
• What cognitive change may occur in older adults?

  Difficulty remembering information and short-term memory loss
• How does the number of brain cells affect older adults?

  It declines, slowing reaction times
• What advantage do older adults have in decision-making?

  More experience, knowledge, and wisdom
• What is dementia associated with?

  Ongoing decline of the brain
• What can help older adults develop new skills?

  Travel, hobbies, and night classes
• What emotional achievement may older adults feel?

  A sense of achievement from life successes
• How can family relationships impact older adults' emotional development?

  They may feel loved and valued
• What role do grandchildren play in older adults' lives?

  They can enhance feelings of love and purpose
• What emotional challenges may arise from losing a spouse or friends?

  Feelings of loneliness and isolation
• What can lead to a lack of purpose in older adults' lives?

  Retirement or inability to continue hobbies
• How might dependency on others affect older adults?

  They may feel like a burden
• What stereotype may negatively affect older adults' self-esteem?

  Being seen as less able
• What positive emotional impact can moving to supported housing have?

  Improved security and social bonding
• What negative impact can moving to residential care have?

  Loss of independence leading to distress
• How does leisure time affect social development in older adults?

  It allows for more social interaction
• What can reduce an older adult's social circle?

  Death, illness, or poor mobility
• What benefits do those in sheltered accommodation experience?

  Opportunities for outings and group activities
• What new relationships may develop for unwell individuals?

  With medical professionals and carers
• What services can older adults join to increase social contacts?

  Day centres and community clubs
• How can retirement affect social activities?

  It may limit income for social participation