BIOLOGY - non communicable disease

• Non communicable diseases- spread between people, caused by lifestyle choices, lasts a long time and gets worse slowly e.g asthma, cancer
• Health- state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, damaged by diet, disease &stress
• IMPACT OF NC DISEASE

  • NC disease affect more -> greater social & economic effect
  • viruses -> cancer e.g HPV -> Cervical cancer
  • immune reactions -> asthma & rashes
  • ill health -> mental illness
• risk factors- increase chance of getting a disease, often an aspect of a person’s lifestyle
• RISK FACTORS

  • smoking
  • obesity
  • alcohol
  • carcinogens/radiation
• correlation- similarities in data suggesting a link between 2 sets of data
• casual mechanism - explains how one factor influences another through a biological process
• correlation doesn’t = causation
• cancer - disease caused by normal cells uncontrollably changing and dividing, causing a tumour to form as cells layer on top of each other
• benign tumour - tumour grows slow, stays in a membrane, non-invasive, can cause blockages and put pressure on organs
• malignant tumour - cancerous, invasive, grows quick, break off &travel in bloodstream
• TREATING CANCER

  • radiotherapy - targeted doses of radiation destroy cells, can damage healthy cells
  • surgery - remove tumour, pieces can break off causing more tumours
  • chemotherapy- chemicals stop cells dividing
• survival rates of cancer increase due to: better treatment, earlier diagnosis, more cancer screenings, improved patient knowledge
• CAUSES OF CANCER

  • genetic
  • smoking
  • ionising radiation
  • viruses
• nicotine = addictive substance, increases heart rate causing strain
• carbon monoxide - poisonous gas that reduces o2 levels, difficulty breathing

  if pregnant: brain issues, born early
• tar - narrows bronchioles that o2 travels through - difficulty breathing (bronchitis)
• Smoking :

  • alveoli break down -> reduce gas exchange -> less o2 levels (emphysema)
  • inflamed airways
  • this is COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• smoking chemicals -> damage cilia-> mucus build up -> increased risk of infection
• smoking -> increase fatty material in artery -> Coronary heart disease -> heart attack
• smoking -> damages blood vessels & blood clots -> stroke
• SMOKING & PREGNANCY

  • increased risk of miscarriage
  • more likely to suffer from lung infections & asthma
  • physical &intellectual development
  • decreased birthweight
  • carbon monoxide poisoning in baby
• alcohol - addictive depressant found in wine, spirit also known as ethanol
• LIVER & ALCOHOL

  • cirrhosis - alcohol damages liver cells replacing them with scar tissue
  • fatty liver disease -alcohol causes lipids to build up in liver
  • alcohol abuse -> alcoholic hepatitis
  • alcohol abuse-> damages liver -> increased risk of liver cancer
• long term alcohol abuse -feeling sick , jaundice, weightloss
• alcohol -> strain on heart -> increased risk of cardiovascular disease -> stroke/heart attack
• BRAIN & ALCOHOL

  • immediate: lowers reaction time, hard to walk, impaired memory, slurred speech
  • long term: brain shrinks, memory problems
• ALCOHOL & PREGNANCY

  • alcohol passes via placenta
  • affects: smaller, learning difficulties, kidney/liver/heart issues
  • foetal alcohol syndrome = learning & behaviour issues
• no. units alcohol = total vol x ABV/ 1000
• obesity - very overweight due to excess accumulation of body fat
• obesity -> fat tells cells to divide more often -> cancer
• obesity -> fatty material develops in artery -> coronary heart disease -> heart attack
• obesity -> body loses sensitivity to insulin -> type 2 diabetes
• diabetes = condition in which the body can’t regulate blood sugar
• ionising radiation is found in EM waves, radiation penetrates cells causing them to mutate
• ionising radiation exposure:

  • UV from sun
  • x-rays
• Asthma = disease caused by allergens affecting respiratory sytem
• blood pressure = force of blood against artery wall
• cancer = disease caused by normal cells changing uncontrollably creating a tumour
• depression = affects mental health causing a depressed mood, feeling of low self - worth & loss of interest