GENBIO2.PT

• What are the tiny subunits that make up a molecule of DNA called?

  nucleotides
• What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the components of a nucleotide?

  Phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogenous base
• What sugar molecule is found in RNA?

  Ribose
• What sugar molecule is found in DNA?

  Deoxyribose
• What are the two classifications of nitrogenous bases?

  Pyrimidines and Purines
• Name three pyrimidines.

  Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil
• Name two purines.

  Adenine and Guanine
• What nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?

  Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• What nitrogenous bases pair in RNA?

  Adenine pairs with Uracil, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• What holds the nitrogen bases together in DNA?

  Hydrogen bonds
• What is the role of DNA?

  It stores genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
• What is another name for DNA?

  The blueprint of life
• What is the role of RNA?

  It uses the genetic information in DNA to produce proteins
• What do classical breeding practices focus on?

  The mating of organisms with desirable qualities
• What is genetic engineering?

  A technique of changing the DNA of living organisms to create a GMO with a new genotype
• What is a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?

  Any organism where genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
• What is genotype?

  An organism’s complete set of heritable genes
• What does homozygous dominant represent?

  Capital letters (AA)
• What does heterozygous represent?

  A combination (Aa)
• What does homozygous recessive represent?

  Small letters (aa)
• What is phenotype?

  The set of physical or observable characteristics of individuals determined by its genotypes
• What is phenocopy?

  A variation of phenotype where its characteristics are copied from the environment, not by genetics
• What is variation?

  The difference between individuals within a species
• Who is known as the "Father of Genetics"?

  Johann Gregor Mendel
• What did Mendel study to find out how heredity worked?

  Thousands of pea plants
• What are Mendel's Laws of Inheritance?

  1. Law of Dominance and Recessiveness
  2. Law of Segregation (MEIOSIS I)
  3. Law of Independent Assortment (MEIOSIS I)
• What are the applications of the principles of genetics in plant breeding?

  1. Self-pollination

  • Transfer of pollen from the same plant
  • Can be independent or dependent on pollinators
  • Does not lead to genetic diversity

  1. Cross-pollination

  • Transfer of pollen from one plant to another
  • Requires pollinators
  • More diverse, leading to high variation
• What are the differences between Mass Selection and Pure-line Selection?

  Mass Selection:

  • Large number of phenotype seeds mixed together
  • Seeds selected for desirability of characters
  • Mostly used for cross-pollination
  • Genetic Variation: Present
  • Adaptation: Wide
  • Uniformity: Low

  
  

  Pure-line Selection:

  • Seeds harvested individually
  • Seeds selected for specific characteristics
  • Mostly used in self-pollination
  • Genetic Variation: Absent
  • Adaptation: Narrow
  • Uniformity: High
• What is selective breeding?

  A type of classical breeding where organisms with desired characteristics are mated to produce offspring with those traits
• What is the first step of selective breeding?

  Decide which characteristics are important to select
• What is the second step of selective breeding?

  Choose parents that show those characteristics
• What are the tiny subunits that make up a molecule of DNA called?

  nucleotides
• What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

  Nucleotides
• What three components make up a nucleotide?

  Phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogenous base
• What sugar molecule is found in RNA?


  Ribose
• What sugar molecule is found in DNA?

  Deoxyribose
• What are the two classifications of nitrogenous bases?

  Pyrimidines and Purines
• Name one nitrogenous base that is a pyrimidine.

  Thymine
• Name one nitrogenous base that is a purine.

  Adenine