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Created by
Rayaan Shafi
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Introspection
process by which a person gains
knowledge
about their own
mental
+
emotional
states
as a result of the observation of their
conscious
thoughts and
feelings
Empiricism
belief all
knowledge
derived from sensory
experience
characterised by use of
scientific
method in psychology
Scientific method
h
Behaviourist
people who believe human behaviour can be explained in terms of
conditioning
,
without the need to consider
thoughts
or
feelings
Classical conditioning
When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus
so that eventually it takes on the properties of this stimulus
and is able to produce a conditioned response
Operant conditioning
Learning through
reinforcement
or
punishment
If a behaviour is followed by a
desirable consequence
then that behaviour is more
likely
to occur again in the
future
Punishment
Involves application of an
unpleasant consequence
following a behaviour
with the result that behaviour is
less likely
to occur again in the
future
Reinforcement
Anything that
strengthens
a response
+
increases
the likelihood that it will occur again in the future
Identification
form of influence where an individual adopts an attitude because they want to be associated w a particular person or group
Imitation
action of using someone or something as a model and copying their behaviour
Mediational
processes
refer to the
internal mental processes
that exist between
environmental stimuli
+ the
response
made by an
individual
to those
stimuli
Modelling
form of learning where individuals learn a particular behaviour
by observing another individual performing that behaviour
Social learning theory
Learning through
observing
others and imitating behaviours that are
rewarded
Vicarious reinforcement
Learning that is not a result of direct reinforcement of behaviour,
but through observing someone else being reinforced for that behaviour
Cognitive
relates to
mental
processes such as
perception
,
memory
and
reasoning
Cognitive
neuroscience
area of psychology dedicated to the underlying
neural bases
of cognitive functions
Computer model
refers to the process of using computer analogies as a representation of human cognition
Inference
/inferring
reaching a logical conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning
Schema
cognitive framework
that helps to
organise
and
interpret
info in
brain
schemas
help an individual to make sense of
new info
theoretical models
in cognitive psychology,
models are simplified, usually pictorial,
representations of a particular mental process based on current research evidence
biological
approach
views humans as
biological
organisms
and so provides
biological
explanations for all aspects of psychological functioning
Evolution
refers to the
change
over successive generations of the genetic make-up of a particular population
the
central
proposition of an evolutionary perspective is that the genotype of a population is
changeable
rather than
fixed
,
and that this change is likely to be caused by the process of
natural selection
Gene
part of the
chromosome
of an organism that carries information in the form of
DNA
Natural selection
the process by which
inherited characteristics
,
that enhance an individual's
reproductive
success (or
'fitness'
),
are passed onto the next generation,
and so become more
widespread
in the population over time
Neurochemistry
study of chemical and neural processes associated w the
nervous
system
Phenotype
the
observable
characteristics of an individual
this is a consequence of the interaction of the
genotype
w the environment