migration

• Immigration is entering into a society
• Migration is movement of people from one area to antoher
• Emigration is leaving a society
• Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants which is expressed as a net increase of decrease
• Migration affects the size and age of population
• Migration can be internal, societal and international
• Before 1950:

  • The largest immigrant group were Irish who came for economic reasons
  • Second largest group was Jews who were refugees fleeing persecution
  • Very few immigrants were non-white
• After 1950:

  • Black immigrants from the Caribbean began to arrive in the UK due to labour shortages
  • Many South Asian immigrants came to the UK
• The Windrush generation were immigrants who came over from the Caribbean due to job shortages however they were racially discriminated against.
• There was a collective consciousness towards racism due to immigration however there was laws made to make racial crimes and discrimination illegal.
• The 1971 Immigration Act = The Windrush generation were given permanent residence however the government did not keep track of who was granted residence meaning they were deported and unable to work
• The main reasons for emigration is push and pull factors

  
  

  Push Factors = Economic reasons and employment

  eg. political problems, poverty and natural disasters

  
  

  Pull Factors = higher wages or better employment

  eg. freedom, prospects and stability
• An increase in emigration and immigration has meant that there has been three effects on the UK.

  1. Population has increased
  2. Average age of society has lowered
  3. Impacts the dependency ratio
• Immigration affects population size as:

  • Rising rate of immigration rather than emigration
  • Higher birth rate due to different cultural norms for immigrants
• Immigration affects age structure as:

  • Generally younger age group so lowers the general age of the population
  • More fertile people as they are younger so higher birth rate
• Immigration affects the dependency ratio as:

  • More able to work as likely to be younger
  • More children to increase the dependency ratio
• Immigration affects the dependency ratio :

  • Likely to be younger so able to work
  • More children which reduces the dependency