Oesophageal cancer

• What is the eighth most common cancer worldwide?

  Oesophageal cancer
• In which types of nations does nearly four out of five cases of oesophageal cancer occur?

  Nonindustrialized nations
• How many new cases of oesophageal cancer are estimated in the United States for 2016?

  16,910 new cases
• What are the two types of oesophageal cancer mentioned?

  Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
• What type of cancer arises in secretory cells (glands)?

  Adenocarcinoma
• Where are glandular cells found?

  In the mucosal lining of some internal organs
• What is squamous cell carcinoma?

  Cancer that begins in squamous cells
• What are squamous cells found in?

  The tissue that forms the epidermis and the lining of hollow organs
• What are important risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

  Smoking, alcohol use, and achalasia
• What are the three parts of the oesophagus?

  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
• What is the function of the cardiac sphincter?

  To close off the stomach so that its contents cannot enter the oesophagus
• What is the term for the surgical procedure affecting the cardiac sphincter?

  Cardio-oesophagectomy
• How many new oesophageal cancer cases are there annually in the UK?

  Around 9,200 new cases
• What percentage of all new cancer cases does oesophageal cancer account for in the UK?

  3%
• What is the male to female ratio for oesophageal cancer incidence?

  1. 28:1
• In which age group are 41% of new oesophageal cancer cases diagnosed in the UK?

  People aged 75 and over
• How have incidence rates of oesophageal cancer changed in the UK for females and males from 2015-2017?

  Rates in females have diminished by 13%, while rates in males have increased by 11%
• What percentage of oesophageal cancer cases are preventable in the UK?

  59%
• What are some risk factors for oesophageal cancer?

  Age, sex, tobacco use, alcohol, Barrett’s oesophagus, diet, and obesity
• What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

  Acid contents of the stomach being regurgitated into the oesophagus
• What is dysplasia?

  When cells change
• What does the TNM staging system stand for?

  • T: Tumor size and extent
  • N: Spread to nearby lymph nodes
  • M: Metastasis to distant sites
• What does Stage 0 of cancer indicate?

  Abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue
• What does Stage IV of cancer indicate?

  The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
• What does Stage IVA of oesophageal cancer indicate?

  The cancer is growing into local structures and spread to no more than 6 nearby lymph nodes
• What is the significance of a diagnosis at Stage 3 for oesophageal cancer?

  38.5% of patients are not diagnosed until their cancer is at this stage
• What are common symptoms of oesophageal cancer?


  Dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain, weight loss, hoarseness, chronic cough, vomiting, and melaena stools
• What are the treatment options for oesophageal cancer?

  • Conservative treatment
  • Stent placement
  • Palliation
  • Surgery (partial or total oesophagectomy)
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
  • Brachytherapy
  • Chemoradiotherapy
• What is the goal of cancer rehabilitation pathways?

  • Maximize outcomes of treatment
  • Minimize consequences of treatment and symptoms
  • Include prehabilitation at diagnosis
  • Offer generic and specific interventions
• What is the source for cancer rehabilitation pathways mentioned in the references?

  Macmillan (2020)
• What is the title of the systematic review mentioned in the references?

  Multidisciplinary Outpatient Cancer Rehabilitation Can Improve Cancer Patients’ Physical and Psychosocial Status