Establishing apartheid

• What 3 laws came in 1950?

  =

  • Population registration Act
  • Supression of Communism Act
  • Group Areas Act
• What happened in 1906?


  Ghandi led an Anti-pass law protest ( burning of the passes) for the indian community
• When was the National Party's first win?

  May 1948
• What law came in 1953?


  Bantu education Act
• What was the Bantu Authorities act?


  1951

  • Bantu authorities were replaced by more lenient black leaders or just removed all together and were now held responsible to the GOV
• When were pass laws first introduced?

  1911

  • Most areas BP forced to carry pass, with their employment and the area they are allowed in
  • Anyone outside their designated areas could be arrested
• Why were people inclined to support the NP after WW2?

  -Worried about the conservation of white and specifically Afrikaner culture

  • Believed that complete separation of races could be achieved and was in everyone’s best interest. Wanted to reduce opportunity for racial mixing.
  • Fear amongst Afrikaans about losing position in society, esp. the poor who had
  • increased due to depression and WW2
  • Christian/Conservative outlook
  • Backlash from Africans moving into cities during WW2
  • Afrikaner-Broederbond links
• Why were the whites feeling sorry for themselves post WW2

  HERTZOG made help for poor whites a top priority in 1924. (Sacked blacks, number of mining jobs for whites increased)

  • Impacted by economic depression 1920/1930POOR WHITES TURNED TO THE PURIFIED NATIONAL PARTY. He blamed blacks
  • POOR WHITES TURNED TO THE PURIFIED NATIONAL PARTY. He blamed blacks for white poverty and called for strict segregation.
  • War cost £600million, and there were significant food shortages, so once everyone came back even worse
• How did WW2 positvly effect Black ppl and women.

  N. of black men and women employed increased by 60 % in 1939-45

  • 1930, 200,000 black men in manufactoring jobs, 1945 = 300,000.
  • By 1946 more black families living in urban areas than whites
• When + what was the population registration act?

  1950

  • Different races were catergoried : white, coloured and native
  • Indian becoming one in 1959
• What were the consequences of the population registration act?


  -

  • foundations for aparthied, allowed for more laws
  • Allowed Np to establish all future apartheid laws as they could now specifically target a certain minority
• When+ what was the seperate ammenities act?

  1953

  • black people got second class facilities in every public setting
  • white people have all the best facilities and black people practically became second class citizens
• When + what was the defiance campaign?

  2nd of Dec 1952

  • 10,000 were arrested
  • ANC support went from 4k to 100k
  • 8,059 were arrested
  • began UN commission
  • world coverage embaressing for SA
  • lasted 6 months
  • mass organised multiracial protest
  • however mostly rural protests
  • 1953 public safety act ( state of emergency)
• What happened in 1952?


  =

  • defiance campaign
  • UN commission, every year since, secruity council resolution 134.
  • Native resetlement law,
• What was the pass law: Native resetlement Act?

  Compulsary for someone to carry their pass

  • Not allowed in urban areas if permit expired < 70 hours
  • Not allowed permanent residence unless born, lived more than 15 years, same employer 10 years
• What was the Bantu Education Act?


  made it so that all schools were state schoolsGovernment owned,

  • Government owned, End to state subsidies, so missionary schools forced to close
  • white curriculum 
  • All churches opposed except the dutch reformist church
  • 8.99vs 63.99 spenton white children 
  • Damaged future generations
• What did the Anc do as a a result of the Bantu Ed Act?


  led a boycott/ protest against the schools

  • gov responded by threatening to close all schools for black students
  • so gave in, at least an education better than none
• What were the reasons for the NP win in 1948?


  m

  • need for labour during WW2 meant apartheid laws relaxed to allow black people to work
  • pass laws were relaxed
  • 125,000 extra workers were employed only 25% were white
  • Afrikaners feared African people would take their jobs when war over
  • black people realised they were needed, responded with bus boycotts, mineworker strikes - disrupting economy
  • white people upset at smuts
  • poor whites blamed black ppl for no jobs
• When was the mixed marriage act?


  1949

  • obvi cant married outside races, but even white people were punished for this one
  • strengthened the white race keeping it: pure
• ANC defiance campaign results:

  • boycott festives of Afrikaans celebration
  • Aim was to get 10,000 arrested to overwhelm the legal system
  • 52 Africans + Indians went into Johannesburg with no passes
  • 30 entered whites only railway
  • campaign slowly spread - 8,057 arrested
  • leaders arrested for 'statutory communism'

  Consequenses:

  • no change in laws were made
  • ANC didnt meet target aim to overwhelm legal system
  • ANC membership went from 4,000 to 100,000 as a result
• How was SA segregated before 1948?

  • TREATY OF VOREENIGING 1902: african voting rights were conditional of white majority
  • LAGDEN COMMISSION 1903: british commission that found that seperating the races was the best solution for the ' native probelm '
  • PASS LAWS 1911: BSA had to carry passes, arrested if not in designated area
  • NATIVE LAND ACT 1936: 13.6% of SA designated to BSA to live in reserves
  • MINES & WORKERS act 136: skilled jobs reserved for whites (BOER)
• when were the first pass laws created?

  1911
• What was womens resistance like before 1948?

  1911 meant women had to carry passes aswell

  • 1912 - 5,000 petitioned against
  • 1913 - mass burnings - turned violent
  • MEDIA ATTENTION = pass laws relaxed for women for over 40 years
• Under what act before 1948 were BSA designated land?

  1936

  • native Land Act
  • 13.6% reserved
• What was communist resistnace like in 1948 -54?

  • Didn't discriminate across races
  • helped BSA with workers strikes
  • DIDN'T aggree with AFRICAN NATIONALISM + found it hard to work with the ANC youth leage
• How manty BSA were forced to migrate from their homes under the Native resettlement act 1953?

  3.5 million

  • 1 million from urban communities.
  • between 1951-86
• Under the Native laws amendment act/ PASS LAWS of 1952 how many people were arrested that year + what was the law

  1962 = 384,000 arrests

  • police had the power to demand to see reference books
  • influx control - black people in urban areas
• What was the NATIVE LABOUR ACT + INPACT?

  1953

  Trade Unions banned for Africans

  • resistance became harder
  • unions were used as a focus point for resistance.
• What was the Seperate Represnetation of Voters act + inpacct?

  1956

  • removed POC from the voting roll
  • made a new sustem where they could only elect 4 to represent them
  • other poltical parties that benefited from POC votes no longer had them
  • only whites could vote so NP + conservative parties = popular.
• What was mineworkers resistance like before 1948?

  1941

  • AMWU = african mine workers union membership 25,000 (1943)
  • strike in 1946 = 73,000 men from 21 mines lasted 4 days popo killed 9
  • communsit party helped organise
• FEDSAW resistance before 1948?

  • cut across race barriers
  • 146 delegates representing 230,000 in founding conference
  • womens charter = eqaul pay, property rights, maternal leave, some of their demands involved in FC- 1955
• what were the consequences of the Defiance Campagin?

  • leaders arrested for communism
  • 4,000 membership to 100,000
  • UN condemned apartheid, and every year since
  • Criminal law amendment Act 1953
  • Public safety act 1953
• what was the impact of Supression of communism act?

  • reduced the effectiveness of oppositional movements
  • communism euphemsim for any unrest
  • GOV legitimised their actions against protestors
• what was the inpact of bantu Authorities Act 1951

  • BSA forced to live very seperatly, like their own country BUT controlled by WHITES
  • whites working towards self sufficiency + BSA = seperate nation
  • extended white control over the reserves
  • removed BSA participation from mainstream politics
• PASS LAWS INPACT? 1952 change to reference books

  BSA = illiterate or couldnt read + the reference books were almost inpossible to correctly fill in

  • arrested for nothing basically