geography paper 2 section a

• What is the term for the increasing percentage of the world population living in urban areas?


  Urbanisation
• How does urbanization affect the world population?

  It leads to a higher proportion of people living in cities.
• Why is there a low rate of urbanization in HICs and LICs?

  Most areas that can be urbanized are already urbanized.
• What are push factors that lead to rural-urban migration?

  Poor job opportunities and lack of services in rural areas.
• What are pull factors that attract people to urban areas?

  Better job opportunities and improved public services.
• What are the main reasons for rural-urban migration?

  • Farming is hard and poorly paid
  • Better public transport in urban areas
  • Isolation in rural areas due to poor road quality
  • Limited access to healthcare in rural areas
  • Drought and climate hazards affecting crops
  • Greater range of leisure and entertainment in cities
  • More education opportunities in urban areas
  • Higher standard of living possible in cities
  • More well-paid jobs available in urban areas
• What defines a megacity?


  A megacity is a city with over 10 million people.
• What are the three types of megacities?

  1. Slow growing (e.g., Tokyo, Los Angeles) - no squatter settlements
  2. Growing (e.g., Rio de Janeiro) - under 20% in squatter settlements
  3. Rapid growing (e.g., Mumbai) - over 30% in squatter settlements
• Why has Rio de Janeiro become a global city?

  Due to its importance in the global economy as an industrial and financial center.
• What is one of the seven new wonders of the world located in Rio de Janeiro?

  The Statue of Christ the Redeemer
• What are the main economic activities in Rio de Janeiro?

  Exporting coffee, sugar, and iron ore.
• What is the significance of Rio's ports and airports?

  They make Rio an important international hub.
• How does Rio's economic growth affect its social challenges?

  Economic growth can lead to increased employment but also to greater inequality.
• What are some social challenges faced by Rio de Janeiro?

  Health, education, water, and energy issues.
• What is the impact of illegal access to water in Rio?

  It worsens the wealth disparity and access to basic services.
• What percentage of Rio's population has no running water?

  12%
• What is the effect of drought on water access in Rio?

  Drought worsens the issue of access to water and increases costs.
• What is the purpose of the "Schools of Tomorrow" program in Rio?


  To tackle youth unemployment through education.
• How does the economic structure of Rio contribute to its challenges?

  The informal sector leads to high unemployment and lack of regulation.
• What are the economic challenges faced by Rio de Janeiro?

  • High unemployment rates, especially in favelas
  • Economic recession leading to increased wealth disparity
  • Many workers in the informal sector
• What are the solutions to economic challenges in Rio?

  • Schools of Tomorrow program to improve education
  • Initiatives to create more formal job opportunities
  • Investment in infrastructure to support economic growth
• What is the definition of the formal economy?

  Money that is regulated and contributes to a country's economy
• What are examples of formal economy sectors?

  Retail, tourism, construction, finance, and banking
• What is the definition of the informal economy?

  Money that is unregulated and not saved
• What are examples of informal economy activities?


  Street vendors, drug dealers, and handicrafters
• What are the advantages of the informal economy?

  It provides unskilled people an opportunity to earn money
• What are the disadvantages of the informal economy?

  Workers receive no tax benefits, have irregular work, and are poorly paid
• What is a major economic challenge in Rio?

  Unemployment
• What was the economic situation in Brazil in 2015?

  Brazil experienced a recession, increasing wealth contrast
• What is the unemployment rate in the favelas?

  Over 20%
• What is one solution to tackle unemployment in Rio?

  The Schools of Tomorrow programme aims to improve education
• What is a challenge related to crime in Rio?

  Murder, kidnapping, and armed assaults are regular occurrences
• What was established in 2013 to address crime in the favelas?

  Pacifying police units were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
• What are some environmental challenges in Rio?

  Air pollution, traffic congestion, and water pollution
• What causes air pollution in Rio?

  Heavy congestion causes a buildup of exhaust fumes
• What is the impact of traffic congestion on pollution?

  Traffic congestion increases pollution levels
• What is the state of Guanabara Bay?


  It is highly polluted, threatening wildlife and tourism
• How many polluted rivers flow into Guanabara Bay?

  55 polluted rivers
• What is the issue with sewage in Guanabara Bay?

  200 tonnes of raw sewage flows into the bay daily
• What is a major health risk associated with waste disposal in favelas?

  Diseases like cholera can spread due to poor waste management