Foreign policy

• Who described the changes in English military organization as a 'landmark'?

  John Guy
• What were the key changes in foreign policy during this period?

  • Reorganisation in administration and finance of the navy
  • Construction of 6 new ships and repair of many others
  • Peacetime budget of £14,000 for the navy
  • Foundations laid for Elizabeth's successful navy
• What were Mary's key aims during her reign?

  Restore relationship with the papacy and marry Philip
• What was the problem Mary faced in achieving her aims?

  Pope Paul did not like her
• What was the conflict between Mary and Pope Paul during her reign?

  • Mary aligned with the Spanish
  • Pope Paul aligned with the French
  • Ongoing tension without a formal declaration of war
  • Conflict reignited in 1556-1557
• Who did Mary persuade to help drive the Habsburgs out of Italy?

  The French
• What did Philip need from England during his campaign?

  Men and an English declaration to defend the Low Countries
• What was the Privy Council's stance on sending troops to support Philip?

  They approved sending money and naval support but not troops
• How did Mary's initial reluctance affect her role in the conflict?

  She wanted to remain at peace with France and acted as a mediator
• What was the Treaty of Vaucelles, signed in February 1556?

  A peace agreement between Spain and France for five years
• What event escalated tensions leading to war?

  France attacked the Netherlands
• How did Mary respond to the council's reluctance to declare war?

  She called the council and threatened them
• What was the outcome of the initial conflict with French troops led by Thomas Stafford?

  War was declared due to pressure from Philip
• What were the two fronts of the war during Mary's reign?

  • Scotland renewed its alliance with France and attacked Northern England
  • English army of 5,000 joined a Spanish army of 70,000
• What happened during the siege of St. Quentin in August 1557?

  English and Spanish forces captured St. Quentin
• What was the result of the surprise attack by French soldiers in January 1558?

  The English garrison at Calais was defeated
• What was the significance of the loss of Calais for England?

  It was a national disaster and marked a turning point in English foreign policy
• What did traditional historians argue about Mary's reign regarding Calais?

  • It was Mary's great failure
  • Calais had been under English control for centuries
  • Shifted focus from continental wars to opportunities in the New World