Covalent Bonding

• What is the main topic of today's video?

  The formation of covalent bonds by sharing electrons
• How do atoms form ionic bonds?

  By transferring electrons from one atom to another
• What is the reason atoms transfer electrons in ionic bonding?

  To achieve a full outer shell of electrons
• What happens when one atom has too many electrons and another has too few?

  They can form ionic bonds
• What occurs when two non-metal elements, like two chlorine atoms, interact?

  They share electrons to achieve full outer shells
• What is a dot and cross diagram?

  A way to represent covalent bonds by showing shared electrons
• How should you differentiate the electrons in a dot and cross diagram?

  By using dots for one atom and crosses for the other
• What is a displayed formula?

  A representation that uses chemical symbols and lines to show covalent bonds
• Why are displayed formulas advantageous for drawing large molecules?

  They simplify the representation of complex structures
• What is a limitation of displayed formulas?

  They do not show the 3D shape of the molecule
• What is the molecular formula for ammonia?

  NH₃
• How many hydrogen atoms are in an ammonia molecule?

  Three hydrogen atoms
• How does nitrogen achieve a full outer shell in ammonia?


  By sharing electrons with three hydrogen atoms
• What is the maximum number of electrons that hydrogen can hold in its first energy level?

  Two electrons
• How many electrons does nitrogen need to fill its outer shell?

  Three electrons
• How would you represent the covalent bonds in ammonia using a displayed formula?

  By drawing lines between nitrogen and hydrogen atoms
• What is the challenge in predicting the shape of a molecule?

  It can be difficult to determine how atoms will arrange themselves
• What are simple molecular substances?

  Small molecules joined by strong covalent bonds with weak intermolecular forces
• What are two examples of simple molecular substances?

  Water (H₂O) and methane (CH₄)
• What are polymers?


  Long chains made up of repeating units called monomers
• What are giant covalent structures?

  Large structures involving billions or trillions of atoms in a regular lattice
• What are some examples of giant covalent structures?

  Silicon dioxide, diamond, and graphite
• Why are giant covalent structures strong?

  All atoms are joined by covalent bonds
• What are the different ways to represent covalent bonds?

  • Dot and cross diagrams
  • Displayed formulas
  • 3D models
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of different representations of covalent bonds?

  Strengths:

  • Dot and cross diagrams show electron sharing clearly
  • Displayed formulas simplify complex structures
  • 3D models illustrate actual arrangements

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Dot and cross diagrams can be complex for large molecules
  • Displayed formulas do not show 3D shapes
  • 3D models can be difficult to predict