Sugars/polysaccharides

• what are the 2 types of starch

  Amylose

  amylopectin
• what are the polysaccharides of glucose

  Cellulose

  glycogen

  starch (amylose, amylopectin)
• what is the monomer in cellulose

  Beta glucose
• what bonds are there in cellulose

  Beta 1-4 glycocidic bonds Hydrogen bonds also form between layered strands to give it strength
• Structure of cellulose


  there is a chain of beta glucose

  ribbon strand-layer of a microfibril

  the whole structure is known as microfibrils
• monomer of glycogen 


  Alpha glucose
• What type of monomer is B glucose?

  B glucose is a glucose monomer.
• What type of bonds form within layered strands of B glucose to provide strength?

  Hydrogen bonds form within layered strands of B glucose.
• What type of bonds connect the chains of B glucose?

  B1-4 glycosidic bonds connect the chains of B glucose.
• What is the structure of a microfibril made from B glucose?

  • Composed of chains of B glucose
  • Linked by B1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • Strengthened by hydrogen bonds within layered strands
• What is the term used to describe the layered structure formed by B glucose strands?

  Gribbon strand is the term used for the layered structure.
• What type of bonds form within layered strands to provide strength?

  Hydrogen bonds
• what bonds are in glycogen

  Alpha 1-6 and alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
• What is the diagram that represents the structure of microfibrils called?


  It is referred to as a microfibril diagram.
• What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in layered strands?

  They provide strength to the structure
• Structure of glycogen 


  Very branched

  very energy dense
• What is the relationship between B glucose and glycocidic bonds?

  B glucose forms B1-4 glycocidic bonds
• What is the structure formed by the chain of B glucose and glycocidic bonds?

  A microfibril
• How do microfibrils relate to the overall structure mentioned in the study material?

  Microfibrils are formed from the layered strands of B glucose
• What does the term "increased strength" refer to in the context of glycogen?

  It refers to the structural integrity and energy storage capability of glycogen
• What are the key components of the structure formed by B glucose and glycocidic bonds?

  • B glucose molecules
  • B1-4 glycocidic bonds
  • Layered strands
  • Microfibrils
• why does glycogen have an increased proportion of alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds?

  Glycogen has an increased proportion of alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds so it is far more branched so it is more rapidly hydrolysed
• which is more rapidly hydrolysed?

  amylose or amylopectin 


  Due to the branching of amylopectin it is more rapidly hydrolysed by amylase then amylose
• Monomer of amylopectin

  alpha glucose
• What types of bonds are in amylopectin


  amylopectin contains both alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• What is the structure of amylopectin?

  The alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds form linear straight chain branches

  the alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds form the branch points
• Monomer of amylose

  Alpha glucose
• What bonds are in amylose

  Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds
• Structure of amylose

  Amylose is a straight chain of starch which coils. it can be considered as linear-hilear
• What is a monosaccharid?

  a single sugar unit and are the building blocks for more complex carbohydrate molecules (disaccharides and polysaccharide)
• Formula for monosaccharides

  (CH2O)N

  where n is between 3-9
• Examples of monosaccharides


  Fructose

  glucose

  galactose
• What are disaccharides?

  Double sugar units that include: sucrose, maltose and lactose
• polysaccharides

  Storage:glycogen, starch

  structural:cellulose