Scientific Revolution

• What time period does the Scientific Revolution cover?

  Approximately from the 16th to 18th centuries.
• What marked the transition during the Scientific Revolution?

  A shift from qualitative, ancient Greek-influenced views to a quantitative and scientific approach.
• What are the key features of the Scientific Revolution?

  • Emphasized methodical experimentation
  • Focused on observation
  • Involved mathematical articulation of ideas
• Who proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system?

  Nicolaus Copernicus.
• What advancements did Galileo Galilei make?

  He made advancements in astronomy and physics and endorsed heliocentrism, leading to conflict with the Catholic Church.
• What did Johannes Kepler formulate?

  The laws of planetary motion.
• What did Isaac Newton develop?

  The laws of motion and universal gravitation.
• What philosophical contributions emerged during the Scientific Revolution?

  • Surge in ideas about the nature of knowledge
  • Key contributors: René Descartes and Francis Bacon
  • Shaped modern scientific thought
• What was Nicolaus Copernicus's profession?

  Renaissance mathematician and astronomer.
• Where did Nicolaus Copernicus study?

  At various universities, including the University of Krakow and the University of Bologna.
• What was Copernicus's key work?

  He published "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" in 1543.
• What did Copernicus introduce in his key work?

  The heliocentric model of the solar system, proposing that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun.
• How did Copernicus's theory challenge previous views?

  It challenged the long-prevailing geocentric view that the Earth was the center of the universe.
• What was the impact of Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

  • Laid the foundation for the Scientific Revolution
  • Influenced understanding of the cosmos
  • Inspired subsequent scientific, philosophical, and cultural developments
• What is the definition of heliocentrism?

  An astronomical model in which the Sun is the central point around which planets orbit.
• How does heliocentrism contrast with geocentrism?

  In heliocentrism, the Sun is the center of the solar system, while in geocentrism, the Earth is the center of the universe.
• What is the significance of heliocentrism?

  • Marked a paradigm shift in scientific thinking
  • Emphasized empirical observation and mathematical modeling
  • Played a crucial role in modern astronomy and cosmology
  • Influenced the way humans view their place in the universe
• When was Charles Darwin born?

  February 12, 1809.
• What was Charles Darwin's profession?

  Naturalist and biologist.
• What was Darwin's key contribution to science?

  He developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
• What influenced Darwin's later work?

  His observations from a five-year voyage on HMS Beagle (1831-1836).
• What is the title of Darwin's major work?

  "On the Origin of Species" published in 1859.
• What legacy did Charles Darwin leave behind?

  • Laid the foundation for modern evolutionary biology
  • Made enduring contributions to the understanding of life's diversity
• What is the definition of natural selection?

  A key mechanism of evolution that explains how advantageous traits become more prevalent in a population over time.
• What is the process of natural selection?

  • Heritable traits that enhance survival and reproductive success are passed on
  • Variations within a population arise through genetic mutations
  • Traits that confer a survival advantage are favored by natural selection
• What is the impact of natural selection?

  • Leads to the adaptation of a population to its environment over generations
  • Explains the diversity of life and the intricate design of living organisms
  • Considered a cornerstone of modern biology
• When was Sigmund Freud born?

  May 6, 1856.
• What was Sigmund Freud's profession?

  Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis.
• What did Freud emphasize in his theories?

  The role of the unconscious and the significance of early childhood experiences.
• What concepts did Freud introduce?


  He introduced the id, ego, superego, and the Oedipus complex.
• What is the Oedipus Complex?

  It is when a boy develops an unconscious infatuation towards his mother.
• What is the Electra Complex?

  It is when a girl develops an unconscious infatuation towards her father.
• What is the title of Freud's key work?

  "The Interpretation of Dreams" published in 1899.
• What influence did Freud have on psychology?

  • His ideas significantly impacted psychology, psychiatry, and cultural discourse
  • Formed the foundation of psychoanalytic theory
• What was Freud's life like in Vienna?

  • Conducted clinical work
  • Wrote extensively
  • Established the Psychoanalytic Society
• What is the definition of psychoanalysis?

  A psychological framework exploring how the unconscious mind influences human behavior, emotions, and mental processes.
• What are the central ideas of psychoanalysis?

  • Unconscious conflicts and desires shape conscious thoughts and actions
  • The mind consists of three components: id (instinct), ego (reality), and superego (morality)
• What therapeutic techniques are used in psychoanalysis?

  • Free association: Speaking freely to uncover unconscious thoughts
  • Dream analysis: Interpreting dreams to reveal repressed desires
  • Transference: The projection of feelings onto the therapist
• What criticism has psychoanalysis faced?

  It has faced challenges due to its lack of empirical evidence and reliance on subjective interpretation.
• What is Freud's model of the mind?

  • Conscious mind: Rational and aware of current thoughts
  • Subconscious (preconscious) mind: A "waiting room" for thoughts that can become conscious
  • Unconscious mind: A reservoir of hidden feelings, urges, and memories, often linked to pain, anxiety, or conflict