psychopathology

• What is the definition of deviation from social norms?


  Abnormal behaviour that goes against societal expectations.
• Why are social expectations important in defining abnormal behaviour?


  They aim to make society more pleasant, such as promoting politeness.
• What are the emotional, behavioural, and cognitive characteristics of depression?


  • Emotional: Intense sadness, feelings of worthlessness, and sometimes anger.
  • Behavioural: Increased or reduced activity, changes in sleep and appetite.
  • Cognitive: Negative thoughts, irrational beliefs, and self-fulfilling prophecies.
• How are phobias initiated through classical conditioning?


  A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce fear.
• What is systematic desensitisation?


  It is a treatment that replaces fear with relaxation through gradual exposure.
• Why is systematic desensitisation preferred over flooding?


  Flooding can be traumatic and is not suitable for all individuals.
• What does the diathesis-stress model suggest?


  It suggests that genes create vulnerability for mental disorders after trauma.
• What is a negative triad in the context of depression?


  It refers to negative expectations about the self, world, and future.
• What does failure to function adequately mean?


  It refers to an inability to cope with everyday life causing distress.
• How does the social learning theory explain phobias?


  Phobias may be acquired by imitating the fearful behaviour of others.
• What are the emotional, behavioural, and cognitive characteristics of OCD?


  • Emotional: Anxiety and shame associated with obsessions and compulsions.
  • Behavioural: Compulsive behaviours to alleviate anxiety, often repetitive.
  • Cognitive: Recurrent, intrusive thoughts that are often irrational.
• How are phobias maintained by operant conditioning?


  Phobic individuals avoid stimuli, which reduces anxiety and reinforces avoidance.
• How does the cognitive theory explain depression?


  Depression is caused by irrational thinking and negative cognitions.
• What is the definition of statistical infrequency?


  Behaviour that is extremely rare or not displayed by many people.
• How does the biological theory explain OCD?


  OCD is caused by abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin.
• What is a negative triad?


  A cognitive approach to understanding depression focusing on expectations about the self, world, and future.
• What does failure to function adequately mean?


  It refers to an inability to cope with everyday life causing distress.
• How does the social learning theory (SLT) explain phobias?


  Phobias may be acquired by modeling the fearful behavior of others.
• What are the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics of OCD?


  • Emotional: Anxiety and shame associated with obsessions and compulsions.
  • Behavioral: Compulsive behaviors to alleviate anxiety, often repetitive and unrelated to the obsession.
  • Cognitive: Recurrent, intrusive thoughts that are often irrational; awareness of their irrationality.
• How are phobias maintained by operant conditioning?


  Phobic individuals avoid stimuli, reducing anxiety, which reinforces avoidance behavior.
• How does the cognitive theory explain depression?


  Depression is due to irrational thinking and negative cognitions.
• What is statistical infrequency?


  It is defined as behavior that is extremely rare or characteristics not displayed by many people.
• How does the biological theory explain OCD?


  OCD is caused by abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin and a non-functioning worry circuit.
• What are the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics of phobias?


  • Emotional: Anxiety triggered by the phobic stimulus, often disproportionate to the actual threat.
  • Behavioral: Avoidance of situations involving the phobic stimulus; freezing response is common.
  • Cognitive: Irrational thoughts that are not alleviated by reasoning; awareness of irrationality.
• How is depression treated using the cognitive approach?


  It is treated using CBT, combining cognitive and behavioral therapy.
• What is the case of Little Albert about?


  A fear of fluffy white objects was conditioned in a baby through classical conditioning.
• How is OCD treated using the biological approach?


  It involves administering drugs like SSRIs to reduce symptoms by increasing serotonin levels.
• What is deviation from ideal mental health?


  It is defined as displaying the absence of the ideal mental health criteria set by Jahoda.
• Why is the deviation from ideal health definition criticized?


  The criteria are unrealistic, as no individual is likely to display all traits all the time.