threat of barbarians

• Wallace-Hadrill - Antony a victim of Cleopatra
• Zanker - "the east was synonymous with decadence and effeminancy"
• Zanker - "Antony was no longer a Roman, thus this would be no civil war"
• Thirckell-White - Luxury was linked to greed, drunkenness and vulgar ostentation
• Hardie - The “simple outline” of the Gigantomachy is the “opposition between forces of order and disorder, or of good and evil”