psych KA

• Rosenhan para 1 (strength)

  P- High generalizability

  E- range of hospitals used across to many states - applied to a larger range of hospitals

  E- E.G. 12 hospitals across 5 states

  C- not done outside of the USA and not in current times
• Rosenhan intro-

  -Aim of study 1 - can the sane be distinguished from the sane

  -8 pps, 12 hospitals, 'empty, thud, hollow' and acted normal once admitted

  -Results led to study 2, concluded that staff are unable to detect insanity and that hospitals aren't a suitable place to treat MH
• Rosenhan para 2 (weakness)-

  P- low internal validity

  E- field experiment that had a lack of controls

  E- e.g. took place in hospitals

  T- doesn't support psych as a science

  C- high ecological validity as its a field experiment
• Rosenhan conclusion-

  Rosenhan's study has useful PAs, such as: CCTV, danger of labelling and hospitals aren't the best place to treat MH
• Vicarious learning

  learning through indirect sources
• Attention

  Behavior has to be noticed
• Reproduction

  The individual must be capable of reproducing
• Motivation

  There must be an incentive present through vicarious or positive reinforcement
• How may Banduras experiments be related to crime?

  1961- behavior is observed meaning their inclined to recreate it and may explain gender differences

  1963- crimes within films could be observed and reproduced

  1965- crimes must be rewarded to continue
• Evaluation of the SLT-

  -Evidence for - Banduras experiments provide evidence that aggressive behavior is learnt through observation of a role model.

  -Methodology (for) - lab experiments provide credible scientific evidence, cause and effect links

  -Applications - aware of the power of role models, controlling violence in the media by censorship and offenders need appropriate role models

  -Evidence against - predicts punishment leads to less recidivism but there are high rates of recidivism

  -Methodology (against) - lack of ecological validity due to being a lab experiment
• Weaknesses of the Amygdala as an explanations of crime

  -Reductionist as it only looks at the amygdala

  -Yang found correlations between size of amygdala and psychosis (but not crime)
• Strength of brain injury-

  Different methodologies reached similar conclusions about frontal lope damage and criminal behavior
• Weakness of brain injury-

  Looks at brain injury alone so could be considered reductionist
• Spitzer and Williams (against R)

  only right 50% of the time
• Pederson ( for R)

  71% of psychiatrists agreed with ICD-10 on the definition of depression when accessing 116 patients.
• Browne (for R)

  anxiety and mood disorders reliability is good to excellent
• Ward (against R)

  inconsistency in use of classification systems
• Little Wood (against V)

  makes assumptions about the nuclear family
• Cochrane (against V)

  classification symptoms in Britain are ethnocentric
• Mason (for V)

  diagnosis of schizophrenia using ICD-10 has good predictive validity
• Why aren't classification symptoms valid

  -Symptoms are subjective

  -Patients may not disclose relevant info

  -implicit bias of the clinician
• Szasz

  suggested psychiatric symptoms might just be an understandable reaction to coping with a sick society
• More evidence for SLT-

  -Williams - introduction of TV increased children's aggressive behavior

  Johnson - a correlation between violence in the media and aggressive behavior
• Describe the SLT-

  -According to the SLT behavior must be noticed and paid attention to

  -We are more likely to pay attention to role models

  -Leading to the individuals being more likely to recreate