Biology Yr10

• What are the two main types of cells?

  Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
• What is the function of the nucleus in animal cells?

  It contains genetic material
• What is the role of mitochondria in animal cells?

  It produces ATP
• What structure in plant cells provides support and protection?

  Cell wall
• What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  Site of photosynthesis
• What is the function of vacuoles in plant cells?

  Stores water and other substances
• What type of DNA do bacterial cells contain?

  Chromosomal DNA and plasmid DNA
• What is the function of flagella in bacterial cells?

  For movement
• What are the adaptations of sperm cells for their function?

  • Acrosome: Contains enzymes to penetrate the egg
  • Haploid nucleus: Contains half the genetic material
  • Mitochondria: Provides energy for movement
  • Tail: For propulsion
• What are the adaptations of egg cells for their function?

  • Nutrients in cytoplasm: To support early development
  • Haploid nucleus: Contains half the genetic material
  • Cell membrane changes: After fertilization to prevent other sperm entry
• What is the function of cilia in ciliated epithelial cells?

  • Hair-like projections for moving substances along the cell surface
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  Specific region where substrate binds
• What does enzyme specificity mean?

  Each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

  Increases activity up to optimum temperature, then denatures
• What happens to enzymes above their optimum temperature?

  They denature
• How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

  Activity increases with substrate concentration until enzyme saturation
• What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

  Each enzyme has an optimum pH, and extreme pH can denature enzymes
• What is enzyme denaturation?

  Changes in the shape of the active site caused by extreme temperature or pH
• What is mitosis?

  Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle that produces two genetically identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
• Why is mitosis important for organisms?

  Mitosis is crucial for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in organisms.
• What are the stages of mitosis?


  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
• What happens during interphase?

  During interphase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
• What occurs during prophase?

  During prophase, chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms.
• What is the significance of metaphase in mitosis?

  In metaphase, chromosomes align at the cell's equator and are attached to spindle fibers, ensuring proper separation.
• What happens during anaphase?

  During anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.
• What occurs during telophase?

  During telophase, nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes.
• What is cytokinesis?


  Cytokinesis is the process where the cytoplasm divides, creating two separate daughter cells.
• What is cancer in relation to cell division?

  Cancer is a result of changes in cells leading to uncontrolled cell division.
• How does mitosis contribute to repair in organisms?

  Mitosis replaces damaged or worn-out cells through cell division.
• What is cell differentiation?

  Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.
• How does growth differ between animals and plants?

  In animals, growth occurs through cell division followed by cell differentiation, while in plants, growth involves cell division, cell elongation, and cell differentiation.
• What is the significance of percentile charts in monitoring growth?

  Percentile charts show the distribution of a measurement across a population, allowing comparison of an individual's growth to the typical range.
• What are embryonic stem cells?

  Embryonic stem cells are found in early-stage embryos and can differentiate into any cell type in the body (pluripotent).
• What are adult stem cells?

  Adult stem cells are found in various tissues in developed organisms and are more limited in their differentiation potential compared to embryonic stem cells.
• What are the potential benefits of stem cells in medicine?

  Potential benefits of stem cells include regenerating damaged tissues, treating degenerative diseases, and developing new drugs and testing their effects.
• What are plant stem cells (meristems)?


  Plant stem cells, or meristems, are located in specific regions of plants and allow for continuous growth throughout a plant's life.
• What are some potential risks and ethical concerns associated with stem cell research?

  Potential risks include tumor formation, immune rejection, and ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cell research.
• How do embryonic stem cells differ from adult stem cells?

  Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into any cell type, while adult stem cells have more limited differentiation potential.
• Where are root meristems located in plants?

  At the tips of roots
• What is the function of shoot apical meristems?

  Responsible for stem and leaf growth