integration of body systems

• What is the theme of C3.1 Integration of Body Systems?

  Interaction and Interdependence
• What is the level of organization discussed in C3.1 Integration of Body Systems?

  Organisms
• What are the roles of nerves and hormones in the integration of body systems?

  They facilitate communication and coordination between different body systems.
• What is the significance of feedback mechanisms in the regulation of body systems?

  They help maintain homeostasis by adjusting physiological processes.
• What are the main components of the hierarchy of subsystems in multicellular organisms?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
• How does system integration contribute to the function of living organisms?

  It allows component parts to collectively perform an overall function.
• What is an example of an emergent property in a cheetah?

  Its effectiveness as a predator due to the integration of its body systems.
• What is the role of the nervous system in sending messages around the body?

  It sends electrical messages through a network of nerves.
• How does the endocrine system communicate messages in the body?

  It secretes chemical messengers into the bloodstream for transport to target tissues.
• Compare the nervous and endocrine systems in terms of communication speed and duration of effects.

  • Nervous System:
  • Method: Electrical impulses
  • Speed: Rapid
  • Duration: Short-lived
  • Endocrine System:
  • Method: Hormones
  • Speed: Slow
  • Duration: Long-lasting
• What substances does blood transport in humans?

  Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, antibodies, and urea.
• What is the role of the brain in processing information?

  It integrates information from various inputs and is involved in learning and memory.
• What are the main functions of the cerebral cortex?

  Learning, memory, language, and consciousness.
• What does the cerebellum coordinate?

  It coordinates balance and muscle contraction.
• What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

  It controls unconscious activities such as breathing and heart rate.
• What is the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

  They control the endocrine system, including thermoregulation.
• What distinguishes conscious processes from unconscious processes?

  Conscious processes are under individual control, while unconscious processes occur automatically.
• What do sensory neurons do?

  They convey messages from sense receptors to the spinal cord and cerebral hemispheres.
• What is the function of motor neurons?


  They convey messages from the cerebral hemispheres and spinal cord to effectors such as muscles.
• What are nerves composed of?


  Nerves are bundles of sensory and motor neurons surrounded by a protective sheath.
• What is a pain reflex arc?

  It is an involuntary response involving sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.
• How does a pain reflex arc function when touching a hot object?

  The pain receptor stimulates a sensory neuron, which activates an interneuron, leading to a motor neuron that contracts muscles.
• What is the role of the cerebellum in movement control?

  It processes information about position and movement to refine motor actions.
• What are circadian rhythms?

  They are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle.
• How does melatonin secretion relate to circadian rhythms?

  Melatonin secretion helps establish a cycle of sleeping and waking.
• What are the key terms related to C3.1 Integration of Body Systems?

  • Cells
  • Multicellular
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
  • Nervous System
  • Endocrine System
  • Blood Plasma
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary Gland
  • Central Nervous System
  • Spinal Cord
  • Conscious Processes
  • Unconscious Processes
  • Sensory Neurons
  • Interneurons
  • Motor Neurons
  • Nerves
  • Pain Reflex Arc
  • Effector
  • Circadian Rhythms
  • Melatonin
  • Pineal Gland
  • Epinephrine / Adrenaline
  • Adrenal Glands
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • pH
  • Ventilation
  • Cardiovascular Control Centre
  • Respiratory Control Centre
  • Digestive System
  • Peristalsis
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Enteric Nervous System
  • Swallowing
  • Egestion
  • Voluntary Control
  • Involuntary Control
• What is the role of an interneuron in the spinal cord?

  It stimulates an action potential in a motor neuron.
• What happens when a motor neuron is stimulated?

  It stimulates muscles to contract, resulting in movement.
• How does the body respond to a hot object?

  The hand moves away from the hot object through a quick, unconscious process.
• What is the role of the cerebellum in body movement control?

  • Responsible for movement and coordination
  • Processes information about current position and movement
  • Refines movement
• What is the diurnal pattern of melatonin secretion by the pineal gland?

  It helps establish a cycle of sleeping and waking.
• What primarily influences circadian rhythms?

  Light and dark cycles.
• What effect does blue light have on melatonin secretion?

  It suppresses the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland.
• When do melatonin levels increase and decrease?

  Melatonin levels increase in the evening and drop in the morning.
• What is the role of epinephrine in the body?

  It prepares the body for intense physical activity and facilitates muscle contraction.
• What are the effects of epinephrine during the fight or flight response?

  • Widening of bronchioles for more oxygen
  • Liver converts glycogen to glucose
  • Heart pumps harder and faster
  • Blood flow redirected to muscles
  • Pupils dilate for improved vision
• What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

  It monitors the body's internal conditions and releases hormones to the pituitary gland.
• How does the pituitary gland interact with the hypothalamus?

  The pituitary gland is stimulated by the hypothalamus to release specific hormones.
• Where are baroreceptors located?

  In regions of the aorta and carotid arteries.
• What do chemoreceptors monitor?

  Blood pH and concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide.