GENBIO2.PT

• What are the tiny subunits that make up a molecule of DNA called?

  nucleotides
• What are the building blocks of DNA and RNA?

  Nucleotides
• What are the components of a nucleotide?

  Phosphate group, sugar molecule, and nitrogenous base
• What sugar is found in RNA?


  Ribose
• What sugar is found in DNA?

  Deoxyribose
• What are the two classifications of nitrogenous bases?

  Pyrimidines and Purines
• Name three pyrimidines.

  Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil
• Name two purines.

  Adenine and Guanine
• What nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?

  Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• What nitrogenous bases pair in RNA?

  Adenine pairs with Uracil, and Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• What holds the nitrogen bases together in DNA?

  Hydrogen bonds
• What is the role of DNA?

  It stores genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism
• What is another name for DNA?

  The blueprint of life
• What is the role of RNA?

  It uses the genetic information in DNA to produce proteins
• What do classical breeding practices focus on?

  The mating of organisms with desirable qualities
• What is genetic engineering?

  A technique of changing the DNA of living organisms to create a GMO with a new genotype
• What is a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)?

  An organism where genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
• What is genotype?

  An organism’s complete set of heritable genes
• What does homozygous dominant represent?

  Capital letters (AA)
• What does heterozygous represent?

  A combination (Aa)
• What does homozygous recessive represent?

  Small letters (aa)
• What is phenotype?

  The set of physical or observable characteristics of individuals determined by its genotypes
• What is phenocopy?

  A variation of phenotype where characteristics are copied from the environment, not by genetics
• What is variation in biology?

  The difference between individuals within a species
• Who is known as the "Father of Genetics"?

  Johann Gregor Mendel
• What did Mendel study to find out how heredity worked?

  Thousands of pea plants
• What are Mendel's Laws of Inheritance?

  1. Law of Dominance and Recessiveness
  2. Law of Segregation (MEIOSIS I)
  3. Law of Independent Assortment (MEIOSIS I)
• What are the applications of the principles of genetics in plant breeding?

  1. Self-Pollination

  • Transfer of pollen from one flower to the stigma of the same plant
  • Can be independent or dependent on pollinators
  • Does not lead to genetic diversity

  1. Cross-Pollination

  • Transfer of pollen from one plant to another
  • Requires pollinators
  • Leads to higher genetic diversity
• What are the differences between Mass Selection and Pure-Line Selection?

  Mass Selection:

  • Large number of phenotype seeds mixed together
  • Seeds selected for desirability of characters

  
  

  Pure-Line Selection:

  • Seeds harvested individually
  • Seeds selected for specific traits
• What is the role of bacteria in molecular biology?

  They are simple organisms that reproduce quickly and are easy to manipulate for DNA changes
• What do restriction enzymes do?

  They cut the plasmid and the gene of interest
• What is a restriction site?


  The specific site for cutting by restriction enzymes
• What are sticky ends in DNA?

  The ends of the plasmid and gene of interest after cutting that can hold two pieces of DNA together
• What is the role of DNA ligase?

  It links two pieces of DNA together if they have matching ends
• What happens during the transformation stage of genetic engineering?

  The recombinant DNA is transferred to another cell, forming a transgenic organism
• What is a recombinant plasmid?

  A molecule containing DNA from two different sources
• What is the expression stage in genetic engineering?

  The production and replication of bacteria through binary fission
• What is required for DNA cloning?

  DNA of interest, vector, restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and an expression vector
• What are the advantages of genetic engineering?

  • Healthier outcomes compared to ordinary ones
  • Faster growth and consistent results
  • Resistance to pests, diseases, or environmental conditions
  • Reduction of spoilage and longer shelf life
  • Resistance to chemical treatments
  • Less use of pesticides
  • Production of vaccines and medication
• What are the disadvantages of GMOs?

  • Irreversible effects and associated consequences
  • Potential for new allergy outbreaks in humans
  • Adverse effects on the immune system
  • Creation of pesticide-resistant super pests