PSYC3010| Biological and General Psyc

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    • What is the definition of learning?
      Learning is an adaptive process involving associations.
    • How is learning linked to memory?
      Learning involves creating associations related to memory.
    • What are the types of learning mentioned?
      • Habituation
      • Classical Conditioning
      • Operant Conditioning
      • Observational Learning
    • What is habituation?
      Habituation is the decline in responsiveness to familiar stimuli.
    • What is the function of habituation?
      It helps focus on new and unfamiliar stimuli.
    • What does classical conditioning involve?
      Learning through association between stimuli.
    • Who conducted key experiments in classical conditioning?
      Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson.
    • What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov's experiment?
      Food is the unconditioned stimulus (US).
    • What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's experiment?
      Salivation in response to the bell.
    • What are the stages of classical conditioning?
      1. Before Learning: UR triggered by US.
      2. During Learning: Neutral stimulus introduced with US.
      3. After Learning: CS elicits CR.
    • What is generalization in classical conditioning?
      CR occurs in response to similar stimuli.
    • What is extinction in classical conditioning?
      CR gradually disappears after CS without US.
    • What is spontaneous recovery?
      Re-emergence of CR after extinction period.
    • What are applications of classical conditioning?
      • Fear and phobias treatment
      • Taste aversion development
      • Advertising strategies
    • What is operant conditioning?
      Learning through rewards and punishments for behavior.
    • Who introduced the "Law of Effect"?
      Edward Thorndike.
    • What does the "Law of Effect" state?
      Behaviors followed by rewards are strengthened.
    • What is the Skinner Box used for?
      To demonstrate rewards and punishments in behavior.
    • What are the types of reinforcers in operant conditioning?
      • Positive reinforcement: Presenting new stimuli.
      • Negative reinforcement: Removing old stimuli.
    • What are the types of punishment in operant conditioning?
      • Positive punishment: Giving something bad.
      • Negative punishment: Removing something good.
    • What is shaping in operant conditioning?
      Building complex behavior through reinforcement.
    • What are the types of reinforcement schedules?
      • Partial reinforcement
      • Ratio schedule
      • Interval schedule
    • What is learned helplessness?
      Perception of lack of control over aversive stimuli.
    • What are real-world examples of learned helplessness?
      • Politics: Belief that votes don't matter.
      • Weight loss: Giving up on dieting efforts.
      • Studying: Stopping attempts to improve grades.
    • How does gambling relate to operant conditioning?
      It relies on a variable reinforcement schedule.
    • What role does negative reinforcement play in addiction?
      It helps avoid withdrawal symptoms.
    • What are the key concepts of operant conditioning?
      • Voluntary behavior modification
      • Reinforcement increases behavior likelihood
      • Different schedules yield varied outcomes
    • What is the significance of reinforcement schedules?
      They determine how often behavior is reinforced.
    • How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?
      Operant conditioning modifies voluntary behaviors.
    • What is the impact of variable reinforcement on behavior?
      It leads to persistent behavior despite losses.
    • What is the cumulative number of responses in reinforcement schedules?
      It illustrates responses over time under schedules.
    • How does addiction relate to operant conditioning principles?
      It involves negative reinforcement to avoid withdrawal.
    • What are the applications of operant conditioning?
      • Learned helplessness
      • Gambling behaviors
      • Addiction treatment strategies
    • What drives addiction according to the study material?
      Negative reinforcement from aversive experiences
    • What does continued use of addictive substances create?
      A cycle of dependency
    • How can understanding operant conditioning principles help with addiction?
      It aids in developing effective treatment strategies
    • What are the key components of operant conditioning?
      • Voluntary behavior
      • Reinforcement
      • Reinforcement schedules
      • Applications in real-world situations
    • What is the effect of reinforcement on behavior?
      It increases the likelihood of behavior repetition
    • Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction?
      Variable reinforcement
    • What are the criticisms of behaviorism?
      • Environmental determinism
      • Limitations in explaining human behavior
      • Overlooking social learning
      • Critique of experimental methods
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