Genetic engineering

• What is genetic engineering?

  Changing the DNA of an organism by inserting genes from other organisms
• What are the steps to produce insulin using genetic engineering?

  1. Isolate human cell
  2. Isolate chromosome from human cell
  3. Isolate human gene responsible for insulin production
  4. Use suitable bacteria
• What components are involved in the process of inserting a gene into bacteria?

  Bacteria, chromosome, plasmid, isolated plasmid, enzyme, and gene
• What is a plasmid?

  A small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria
• What happens to the plasmid during the genetic engineering process?

  The plasmid is cut by an enzyme, and a gene is inserted into it
• What is the result of inserting a gene into bacteria?

  All bacteria become genetically identical
• What is the process for producing genetically modified (GM) plants?

  1. Derived gene cut from chromosome
  2. Gene is cut out from *Clostridium*
  3. Gene and plasmid are spliced together
  4. Spliced into a plant cell at an early stage of development
• What are the arguments for and against genetic modification (GM)?

  **Arguments for GM:**

  • Plants are more efficient
  • Faster and more efficient than selective breeding
  • Improve crop yields or qualities in developing countries
  • Introduce herbicide resistance

  
  

  **Arguments against GM:**

  • Transfer of selected genes may harm other species
  • Potential allergic reactions in people
  • Possible harmful biotoxins detected in blood
• What is a vector in genetic engineering?

  A molecule that can transfer DNA or genes into a host cell
• What are some examples of vectors used in genetic engineering?

  Plasmids and viruses
• How do vectors target specific cells in genetic engineering?

  Vectors like viruses can be designed to target specific cells