Culture

• Hades/Pluto: Son of Cronus and Rhea. Ruler of the underworld. Husband of Persephone (Proserpina).
• Persephone/Proserpina: Daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Wife of Hades and queen of the underworld. Was abducted by Hades. She ate a pomegranate seed, resulting in her to return to the underworld 1/3 of each year.
• Orpheus: Son of Apollo. Had the ability to charm all living things including stones with his music. His fiancé Eurydice died on their wedding day. He followed her to the underworld and pleaded for her return. He sang a beautiful song and mesmerized all of the underworld. She was allowed to leave with him, under one condition: he should not turn around to look at her until they reached upper air. However, he glanced at her, and she was instantly bore away and sent back to the underworld.
• The Realm of Hades: Misty-gloomy abode for the dead, a place for all mortals. They are judged after death and either rewarded or cursed.
• Five Rivers of The Underworld: Acheron, Cocytus, Phegethon, Lethe, Styx
• What river do the mortals must cross when they first enter the underworld? Acheron (sorrow or woe)
• Burial Customs: The dead were buried with a coin in their mouths. This was to provide them a ferry man Charon to cross the Acheron and Styx Rivers.
• Cerberus: 3 headed dog. Guards the entrance to the realm of the dead.
• Asphodel Meadows: A place for the dead. Divided into two directions: Elysium (right) and Tartarus (left)
• Elysium: Elysian Feilds. Final resting place of the herioc and virtuous. Ethics: devotion to humankind, to country, to family, and faith (God)
• Tartarus: Gloomy pit of abyss. A dungeon of torment and suffering. Resides beneath the underworld, encircled by the river Phlegethon. Those who were guilty were punished.
• Judges of the Underworld

  Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Aeacus
• Who were the inhabitants in Tartarus? Fifty daughters of Danaus, Ixion, Sisyphus, Tantalus, Tityus
• Fifty Daughters of Danaus: Forced to marry the sons of their uncle. Ordered by their father to kill their husbands; they all did but one. Punishment: Attempt in vain to carry water in containers that have no bottom.
• Ixion: Attempted to violate Hera. He was expelled from Olympus. Punishment: bounded to a fiery wheel that would spin for eternity.
• Sisyphus: Invited the gods to dine with him. He cut up his son and served him at the feast. Punishment: Suffer everlasting thirst and hunger.
• Tityus: Son of Zeus who was killed by Apollo for attempt rape of Leto. Punishment: vultures devour his liver, forever.
• Crines: Means "hair" in Latin. It was seen as an indication of wealth and status.
• What did hair represent to Roman women? It represented a women's attractiveness, that is tied to the way they present their hair. Therefore, they would spend a lot of time on their hair in order to create a flattering appearance.
• Ornatrices: Meaning "hairdressers" in Latin. Their job was to create a new hairstyle every day and pull-out grey hairs.
• What were hairstyles determined by? Gender, age, social status, wealth, and profession
• Hair dye: Popular, but made hair weak, burned the scalp, and harmful to the head.

  Artificial: powders, gels, bleach

  Permanent: natural substances and unorthodox mixtures
• Black hair: Apply leeches that have rotted in red wine for 40 days
• Red hair

  Animal fat and beech wood ashes
• Gold hair

  Apply saffron
• Calamistrum: A curling iron: hollow metal outer cylinder and smaller cylinder placed inside. The hair would wrap around the and the outer metal would be placed on fire.
• Nodus: A hairstyle particular within the Republican Period. The hair would be parted into 3, a bun at the back. Livia (wife of Augustus) and Octavia (sister of Augustus), favored the style carrying it into the Imperial Period
• Hair Styles: Styles were more popular during particular time periods. Usually inspired by an individual style of the Emperor's wife
• Flavian: A hairstyle that was most famous and extravagant. A blend of curls, braids, arching crowns, and elaborate buns
• Julia Domna: Wife of Septimus Severus. Had a particular hairstyle: wore a heavy-globular wig, with simple finger sized waves, and a center parting
• Men's Hairstyles: For most of history, their hair was short. A full head of hair was prized, and baldness was considered deformity. Emperors affected trending hair.
• Sisyphus

  Invited the gods to dine with him. He cut up his son and served him at the feast. Punishment: Suffer everlasting thirst and hunger.