approaches

• Who is considered the father of experimental psychology?

  Wilhelm Wundt
• What is introspection in psychology?

  Introspection is the process of examining one's inner world by observing thoughts and emotions.
• In what year did Wundt open the first experimental psychology laboratory?

  1879
• How did Wundt's approach contribute to psychology as a science?

  Wundt applied empirical methods to study mental processes, establishing psychology as a distinct discipline.
• What is the significance of the year 1900 in psychology?

  Freud established the psychodynamic approach.
• What did Watson and Skinner argue regarding scientific psychology?

  They argued that psychology should focus on observable and measurable phenomena.
• What did Rogers and Maslow emphasize in their humanistic approach?

  They emphasized the importance of free will and understanding the whole person.
• How did the cognitive approach differ from previous approaches?

  The cognitive approach focused on studying mental processes using laboratory experiments.
• What technological advances contributed to the biological approach in psychology?

  Brain scans, such as fMRI and PET scans.
• What does cognitive neuroscience investigate?

  Cognitive neuroscience investigates how biological structures influence mental states.
• What is the idiographic nature of Wundt's approach?

  It focuses on individual cases and subjective experiences.
• What is the main criticism of Wundt's introspection method?

  It is subjective and difficult to generalize from personal observations.
• What are the key assumptions of the behaviorist approach?

  1. Psychologists should study observable behavior.
  2. All behavior is learned.
  3. Humans are similar to animals in behavior.
  4. Research on animals is relevant to humans.
• Who developed the theory of classical conditioning?

  Ivan Pavlov

  
• What is classical conditioning?

  Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an involuntary reflex is associated with a new stimulus.
• What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

  Salivation at the sound of a bell.

  
• What are the three types of reinforcement in Skinner's operant conditioning theory?

  Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
• What is positive reinforcement?

  It is when a behavior is followed by a desirable consequence, increasing the likelihood of repetition.
• How did Skinner demonstrate operant conditioning in his experiments?

  He used the Skinner box to reward rats for pressing a lever.
• What are the contributions and criticisms of the behaviorist approach?

  Contributions:

  • Emphasized scientific methods in psychology.
  • Helped establish psychology as a credible science.
  • Provided insights into learning processes.

  
  

  Criticisms:

  • Limited view of behavior origins.
  • Ignores cognitive and emotional factors.
  • Ethical concerns regarding animal research.
• What does the behaviorist approach suggest about the nature-nurture debate?

  It suggests that behavior is shaped by experiences and surroundings, emphasizing nurture.
• What is social learning theory (SLT) based on?

  SLT is based on observational learning through imitation of role models.
• What are the four mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
• What was the aim of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

  To investigate whether aggression can be learned through social learning theory principles.
• How did Bandura's experiment demonstrate social learning theory?

  Children imitated aggressive behavior after observing an adult model acting aggressively towards the Bobo doll.
• What are the implications of social learning theory for understanding behavior?

  • Emphasizes the role of observational learning.
  • Highlights the importance of role models.
  • Suggests that behavior can be influenced by social context.
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Vicarious reinforcement occurs when an observer sees a model being rewarded for a behavior, increasing the likelihood of imitation.
• How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?

  SLT incorporates cognitive processes and emphasizes the role of observation and imitation.
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of using animals in behaviorist research?

  Strengths include control over variables; weaknesses include ethical concerns and limited generalizability to humans.
• What does the term "tabula rasa" refer to in the behaviorist approach?

  It refers to the idea that the mind is a blank slate at birth, shaped by experiences.
• What is environmental determinism in the context of behaviorism?

  Environmental determinism is the belief that behavior is controlled by environmental factors rather than internal ones.
• What is the role of mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Mediational processes are cognitive factors that influence whether a behavior is imitated.
• How does Bandura's research support the principles of social learning theory?

  Bandura's research shows that children imitate behaviors observed in role models, especially when those behaviors are rewarded.
• What implications does social learning theory have for understanding aggression?

  It suggests that aggression can be learned through observation of aggressive role models.
• What is a Bobo doll?

  A plastic inflatable toy doll that wobbles when hit
• How were the children in the study divided into groups?

  By the gender of the child and the adult model

  
• What were the three main groups in the Bobo doll experiment?

  1. Aggressive model
  2. Non-aggressive model
  3. Control group (no model)

  
• What happened to the children before they were observed with the toys?

  They were deliberately frustrated by being taken to another room without toys
• How long were the children observed with the toys?

  Twenty minutes
• What was the result regarding children who saw the aggressive model?

  They produced more aggressive acts than those in the other groups