Transfer of Learning

• What does the term transfer describe in skill learning?


  The influence of one skill on the performance of another
• What is positive transfer?


  When learning in one task is enhanced by learning in another task
• Give an example of positive transfer.


  Learning a golf stroke may be enhanced by being a good cricketer
• What is an example of positive transfer for young children?


  The transfer of skills from a balance bike to a pedal bike
• What is negative transfer?

  When the learning of a new task is interfered with by the knowledge of a similar activity
• Provide an example of negative transfer.


  The flexible wrist needed for badminton may interfere with the firm wrist needed for tennis
• What does zero transfer mean?

  No transfer occurs even between skills that appear to be similar
• Give an example of zero transfer.

  Learning squash may have zero transfer from weight training
• What is bilateral transfer?


  The transfer that takes place from one limb to another
• How does bilateral transfer work in soccer?

  A soccer player learns to kick a ball with the non-preferred foot by referencing the preferred foot
• What factors affect the choice of practice method in skill learning?

  • Type of skills to be taught
  • Complexity of the skill
  • Classification of the skill
  • Environment
  • Ability level of the performer
  • Motivational level of the performer
• What are the different methods of organization of skill practice?

  • Part method
  • Whole method
  • Progressive part method
• What does the organization of practice reflect?

  Ways in which a skill can be taught to facilitate learning and maximize performance
• What is positive transfer in skill learning?

  When one skill helps in the learning or performance of another skill
• What is negative transfer in skill learning?

  When one skill hinders the learning or performance of another skill
• What is proactive transfer?


  When the learning of one skill influences the learning of a skill yet to be learned
• What is retroactive transfer?

  When the performance of a previously learned skill influences the learning of a new skill
• What is bilateral transfer?

  Transfer that involves the use of either opposing limb to perform a skill with equal competence
• Why is it important for teachers or coaches to maximize positive transfer?

  To enhance the learning and performance of movement skills
• What are the two situations to identify in the context of transfer of skills?

  • Proactive or retroactive transfer
  • Positive or negative transfer
• In the example of practicing overarm throwing of a ball and then learning the basic cricket bowling action, what type of transfer is involved?

  Proactive transfer
• In the example of a novice badminton player playing tennis and then returning to badminton with a lack of control, what type of transfer is involved?

  Negative retroactive transfer
• What is the common practice in teaching and coaching movement skills in sports?

  • Teach basic skills first
  • Build upon these skills to achieve more sophisticated skills
• What are fundamental motor skills encouraged in primary schools?

  Basic throwing, catching, kicking, and striking activities
• How do basic skills transfer to more complex activities in sports?


  They provide the foundation for skills like passing in football and netball or serving
• What is bilateral transfer?


  Bilateral transfer is the transfer of learning from one limb to another.
• How can fear be transferred according to the study material?

  Fear can be transferred from one muscle group to another through a motor programme.
• What are motor programmes?

  Motor programmes are generalised series of movements stored in long-term memory.
• How is a motor programme retrieved?

  A motor programme is retrieved by a single decision.
• Give an example of a motor programme.

  A golf swing for an experienced golfer is an example of a motor programme.
• Why do motor programmes explain quick actions in sports?

  They explain quick actions because they allow for almost automatic movements that do not require conscious control.
• What is proactive transfer?


  The influence of one skill on a skill yet to be performed.
• What is open loop control?

  Open loop control is the kind of control over our actions that does not seem to be under conscious control.
• What is retroactive transfer?


  The influence of one skill on the learning or performance of a skill that has previously been learned.
• What is positive transfer?


  When the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill.
• What is positive transfer in skill learning?

  Positive transfer occurs when previously learned skills enhance the performance of a new skill.
• What are the two ways bilateral transfer takes place?

  1. The cognitive aspects of the skill, such as understanding how the non-preferred limb operates.
  2. The motor programme is transferred, where the learned pattern of movement for one limb is used subconsciously for the other limb.
• How does the similarity of skills affect positive transfer?

  The greater the similarity between the components of practice and the real situation, the more likely positive transfer is to occur.
• What is transfer in skill acquisition?


  Transfer involves one skill influencing the learning and performance of another.
• How can a tennis serve and a throw be related in terms of positive transfer?

  A tennis serve and a throw are similar skills, so practicing one can enhance the performance of the other.