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Eukaryotic Cells
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Created by
Kathryn Liu
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Cards (37)
What are the main structural components of the nucleus?
Surrounded by the
nuclear envelope
(
double membrane
)
Contains
nucleoplasm
with
chromatin
and
nucleolus
Envelope connects with the
rough endoplasmic reticulum
(
RER)
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What is the primary function of the nucleus?
It controls
cell activity
via control of
DNA transcription
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What role do pores in the nucleus play?
Pores allow
substances
to
move
between the
nucleus
and
cytoplasm
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What does the nucleolus produce?
Ribosomes
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How does the connection between the nucleus and RER facilitate cell function?
It allows
easy transport
of substances
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What are the main structural components of mitochondria?
Double membrane
with inner membrane folded into
cristae
Contains
ribosomes
,
enzymes
, and
DNA
in the
matrix
Inner membrane has
proteins
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What is the primary function of mitochondria?
It is the site of
aerobic respiration
, producing
energy
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What substances can enter and exit the mitochondria?
Oxygen
and
acid enter
, while
carbon dioxide
and
ATP exit
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What is the significance of
the
larger surface area in mitochondria?
It enhances
the
efficiency of aerobic respiration
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What are the main structural components of the plasma membrane?
Found on the surface of
plant
and
animal
cells
Composed of
lipids
and
proteins
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
It regulates the
movement
of
substances inside
and
outside
the cell
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How do receptor cells in the plasma membrane function?
They allow the cell to respond to chemicals like hormones
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What are the main structural components of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
A system of
flattened
sacs
Covered in
ribosomes
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What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
It allows
transport
of
substances
and
synthesizes proteins
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What are the main structural components of the Golgi apparatus?
Flattened fluid-filled cisternae
stacked on top of each other
Connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum
(
ER
)
Vesicles found at the
edges
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
It allows
internal transport
and
modification
of
lipids
and
proteins
before
secretion
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What does the Golgi apparatus produce?
Lysosomes
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What are the main structural components of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
A system of
hollow
,
interconnected tubules
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What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
It is involved in
carbohydrate
and
lipid metabolism
and can give rise to the
Golgi apparatus
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What are the main structural components of ribosomes?
Two subunits
made of
rRNA
and
protein
rRNA
is formed in the
nucleus
and moves out via
pores
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What is the primary function of ribosomes?
They provide
binding sites
for
mRNA
,
tRNA
, and
enzymes
, allowing for
protein synthesis
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What are the main structural components of lysosomes?
Vesicles
containing
hydrolysis enzymes
(
lysozymes
)
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What is the primary function of lysosomes?
They
break down old organelles
,
storage molecules
, or the
whole cell
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What are the main structural components of the cell wall?
A
rigid wall
around
cells
Mainly made of
carbohydrate cellulose
or
chitin
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What is the primary function of the cell wall?
It
supports
the
cell's shape
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What are the main structural components of chloroplasts?
Double membrane
Thylakoid membrane
stacks in
stroma
, stacked into
grana
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What is the primary function of chloroplasts?
They
isolate photosynthetic reactions
and have a
large surface area
for
increased light absorption
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What do starch grains in chloroplasts do?
They
store carbohydrates
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What are the main structural components of the vacuole?
A
membrane-bound organelle
in the
cytoplasm
Contains
cell sap
(
weak sugar
and
salts
)
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What is the primary function of the vacuole?
It helps maintain pressure in the cell and keeps it rigid
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How does the vacuole prevent a plant from wilting?
By
maintaining pressure
in the cell
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What are the main structural components of centrioles?
Made up of
microtubules
(
small hollow cylinders
)
Barrel-shaped
and found near the
nuclear envelope
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What is the primary function of centrioles?
They
organize microtubules
that are the
cell's skeletal system
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What is the process of differentiation in cells?
All cells start as
embryonic undifferentiated cells
(
stem cells
)
They can differentiate into
specialized cells
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Why is differentiation necessary in cells?
It is needed as the
surface area to volume ratio decreases
during
cellular changes
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What are examples of specialized cells and their adaptations?
Red blood cell:
no nucleus
,
large surface area
for
O₂ absorption
Lymphocyte: involved in
immune response
, lots of
RER
Sperm:
DNA
is
highly folded
,
tail
for
movement
,
mitochondria
for
energy
Palisade cell:
large surface area
, more
chloroplasts
for
light absorption
Root hair cell:
large surface area
for
water intake
, more
mitochondria
, no
chloroplasts
Ciliated epithelial cell:
cilia lining maximizes surface area
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What should you look for to identify changes in cells?
A change in shade or gain/loss of organelles
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