Biological molecules

• What are biological molecules found in living organisms primarily composed of?

  Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
• How can biological molecules be utilized in living organisms?

  They can be broken down to fuel respiration
• What are carbohydrates made up of?

  Simple sugars
• What are examples of monosaccharides?

  Glucose and fructose
• How can monosaccharides be combined?

  They can be joined together in long chains to form polymers
• What happens to carbohydrates when the bonds between monomers are broken?

  They can be broken down into simple sugars
• Where in the body are carbohydrates digested?

  In the mouth and small intestine
• What are proteins made up of?

  Amino acids
• What do all amino acids contain?

  Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• Where are proteins broken down in the body?

  In the stomach and small intestine
• What are lipids made up of?

  Fatty acids and glycerol
• How do lipids differ from carbohydrates and proteins in structure?

  They do not form a long chain of repeating units
• What elements do lipids primarily contain?

  Carbon, hydrogen, and some oxygen
• Where are lipids broken down in the body?

  In the small intestine
• What are the processes of synthesis and breakdown of biological molecules?

  • Synthesis: Formation of larger molecules from smaller units
  • Breakdown: Decomposition of larger molecules into smaller units
• What is the significance of understanding monomers and polymers in biological molecules?

  • Monomers are the building blocks of polymers
  • Understanding their relationship helps in grasping how biological molecules function
• What reagent is used to test for sugars?

  Benedict's Reagent
• What is the procedure for testing starch with iodine?

  • Add iodine solution to the sample.
  • A blue-black color indicates the presence of starch.
• What color change indicates the presence of starch when tested with iodine?

  Blue-black color
• What test is used for lipids?

  Emulsion Test
• What is the procedure for the Biuret Test for proteins?

  • Add Biuret reagent to the sample.
  • A color change to purple indicates the presence of proteins.
• What color indicates the presence of proteins in the Biuret Test?

  Purple color
• What does a red face indicate in the Anger Test?

  Anger is present
• What conclusion can be drawn from the Anger Test?

  A red face indicates that the subject is experiencing anger
• What are the main biological molecules tested in practical experiments?

  • Sugars (using Benedict's Reagent)
  • Starch (using iodine)
  • Lipids (using Emulsion Test)
  • Proteins (using Biuret Test)