Science end of unit test

• What is photosynthesis?


  Photosynthesis is the process where plants transform light energy into chemical energy.
• How do plants use the energy from photosynthesis?

  Plants use this energy to make their own food.
• What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

  • Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
  • Symbol Equation: $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• What happens to water and carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?


  Water is oxidized to oxygen, and carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose.
• What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

  Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.
• What are the adaptations of leaves to make photosynthesis more efficient?

  • Stomata: holes for gas exchange
  • Phloem and xylem: transport substances
  • Wide and flat structure: large surface area for light absorption
  • Thin tissue: facilitates gas diffusion
• Where is the upper epidermis located in a leaf?

  The upper epidermis is at the top of the leaf.
• What is the function of the palisade layer in a leaf?

  The palisade layer allows leaves to absorb a great deal of sunlight.
• What is the role of chloroplasts in leaves?

  Chloroplasts absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
• What is the function of stomata in leaves?

  Stomata allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf.
• What do guard cells do in relation to stomata?

  Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
• How does water move through the xylem in plants?

  Water is transported in a continuous column up the plant in the transpiration stream.
• What drives the movement of water through the xylem?

  The loss of water from the leaves drives the movement of water through the xylem.
• What is the role of transpiration in plants?

  Transpiration supplies the leaf with water for photosynthesis and keeps plants turgid.
• What factors affect the rate of transpiration?

  • Light intensity: higher light increases photosynthesis and water demand
  • Temperature: higher temperature increases evaporation
  • Wind: more wind increases air movement and evaporation
• What are the adaptations of xylem for water transport?

  Xylem consists of dead cells with thick side walls and rings of lignin.
• What is translocation in plants?

  Translocation is the process of transporting sucrose and amino acids through phloem vessels.
• How does translocation differ from transpiration?

  Translocation involves active transport of organic molecules, while transpiration is passive movement of water.
• What are the key differences between transpiration and translocation?

  Transpiration:

  • Passive process
  • Moves water and minerals
  • Consists of hollow vessels made of dead cells

  
  

  Translocation:

  • Active transport
  • Moves sucrose and amino acids
  • Consists of living cells (companion cells and sieve tubes)
• What is transported during osmosis?

  Water
• Where does the water in osmosis come from?

  Soil
• Where does the water in osmosis go to?


  Root cell
• What gas is discussed in relation to plant growth?

  Carbon dioxide
• What is the purpose of carbon dioxide for plants?

  It is used for photosynthesis
• What is the term for the movement of minerals in plants?

  Active transport
• What do minerals transport in plants?

  Nutrients
• Where do nutrients come from in plants?

  Soil
• Where do nutrients go to in plants?

  Roots of the plant
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane
• What direction does water move during osmosis?

  From a region of higher concentration of water to a lower concentration of water
• What is the net movement of particles?

  From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• What is active transport?


  Movement of molecules across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient
• What does active transport require?

  Energy from the cell
• In which direction does active transport move molecules?

  From a low concentration to a high concentration