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𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
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What are the main topics covered in Edexcel GCSE Biology Paper 1?
Cells and control,
genetics
,
natural selection
,
genetic modification
,
health
, disease, and
medicines
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What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus
, while prokaryotic cells do not
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
It keeps everything inside the cell and is
semi-permeable
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What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
Mitochondria
are where
respiration
takes place, releasing energy for the cell
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What is the function of ribosomes?
Ribosomes are where proteins are assembled or
synthesized
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What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
Chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll
and are where
photosynthesis
takes place
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What is the function of enzymes?
Enzymes are
biological
catalysts
that speed up chemical reactions
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How does amylase function in the body?
Amylase
breaks down
starch
into
glucose
and is found in saliva and the small intestine
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What is the lock and key principle in enzyme activity?
It describes how a
substrate
must fit the enzyme's
active site
to form a complex
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What happens to an enzyme when the temperature exceeds its optimum level?
The enzyme
denatures
, changing shape and preventing
substrate
binding
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What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?
Extreme pH levels can
denature
enzymes
, affecting their activity
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What is the procedure for testing the effect of temperature on amylase activity?
Mix amylase with
starch
at different temperatures.
Remove drops every 10 seconds and place in
iodine
.
Observe color change from black (starch present) to orange (starch broken down).
Calculate time taken for starch breakdown.
Plot
results
against temperature.
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What are the food tests for identifying nutrients?
Iodine
: Orange to black for starch
Benedict's solution
: Blue to orange for sugars
Biuret's reagent
: Blue to purple for proteins
Cold
ethanol
: Turns cloudy for lipids
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What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high
concentration
to low concentration
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What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
semi-permeable
membrane
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How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
By increasing
concentration difference
,
temperature
, or
surface area
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What is the procedure for investigating osmosis using potato cylinders?
Cut equal-sized potato cylinders and weigh them.
Place in varying concentrations of
sugar solution
.
After a day, weigh again and calculate
percentage change
in mass.
Plot results against sugar concentration.
Identify concentration where no change in mass occurs.
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What is active transport?
Active transport is the movement of substances against a
concentration gradient
using energy
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How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
Humans have
23
pairs of chromosomes
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What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process of
cell division
that produces two identical cells
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What are stem cells and their significance?
Stem cells are
undifferentiated
cells that can specialize.
Found in
embryos
and
bone marrow
.
Can be used to treat conditions like
diabetes
and
paralysis
.
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What are the components of the nervous system?
The nervous system consists of the
CNS
(brain and spinal cord) and the
PNS
(peripheral nerves)
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What is a reflex arc?
A reflex arc is a
neural pathway
that bypasses the brain for faster responses
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
The medulla oblongata controls
unconscious
actions like heart rate and breathing
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What is the role of the ciliary muscles in the eye?
Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens to focus light on the
retina
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What is myopia?
Myopia is the
medical
term for shortsightedness
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What is the process of meiosis?
Meiosis is the process that produces
gametes
with half the number of
chromosomes
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What are the advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
Advantages of sexual reproduction:
Variation
occurs, leading to better
adaptation
.
Increases
chances
of
survival
.
Advantages of asexual reproduction:
Only one
parent
needed.
Faster reproduction.
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What is a genome?
A genome is the complete set of
genetic
material in an organism
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What is the Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project mapped out all human
genes
and their functions
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is the genetic code, while phenotype is the
expression
of that code in characteristics
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What are nucleotides?
Nucleotides are the
monomers
that make up DNA, consisting of a
sugar
and
phosphate
group
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How is mRNA involved in protein synthesis?
mRNA carries the
genetic code
from DNA to
ribosomes
for protein assembly
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What can harmful mutations cause?
Harmful mutations can result in
proteins
that do not function properly
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What term is given to the code stored in your DNA?
Genotype
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How is phenotype defined in genetics?
Phenotype is how the
genotype
is expressed in characteristics.
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What are the monomers that make up DNA strands called?
Nucleotides
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What are the components of a nucleotide?
A nucleotide is made from a
sugar
and a
phosphate group
.
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What are the four types of nucleotides in DNA?
A,
T
,
C
, and
G
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Which nucleotide pairs with adenine (A) in DNA?
Thymine
(T) always pairs with adenine (A).
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