𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲

    Cards (92)

    • What are the main topics covered in Edexcel GCSE Biology Paper 1?
      Cells and control, genetics, natural selection, genetic modification, health, disease, and medicines
    • What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
      Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not
    • What is the function of the cell membrane?
      It keeps everything inside the cell and is semi-permeable
    • What is the role of mitochondria in a cell?
      Mitochondria are where respiration takes place, releasing energy for the cell
    • What is the function of ribosomes?
      Ribosomes are where proteins are assembled or synthesized
    • What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?
      Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis takes place
    • What is the function of enzymes?
      Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
    • How does amylase function in the body?
      Amylase breaks down starch into glucose and is found in saliva and the small intestine
    • What is the lock and key principle in enzyme activity?
      It describes how a substrate must fit the enzyme's active site to form a complex
    • What happens to an enzyme when the temperature exceeds its optimum level?
      The enzyme denatures, changing shape and preventing substrate binding
    • What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?
      Extreme pH levels can denature enzymes, affecting their activity
    • What is the procedure for testing the effect of temperature on amylase activity?
      1. Mix amylase with starch at different temperatures.
      2. Remove drops every 10 seconds and place in iodine.
      3. Observe color change from black (starch present) to orange (starch broken down).
      4. Calculate time taken for starch breakdown.
      5. Plot results against temperature.
    • What are the food tests for identifying nutrients?
      • Iodine: Orange to black for starch
      • Benedict's solution: Blue to orange for sugars
      • Biuret's reagent: Blue to purple for proteins
      • Cold ethanol: Turns cloudy for lipids
    • What is diffusion?
      Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
    • What is osmosis?
      Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
    • How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
      By increasing concentration difference, temperature, or surface area
    • What is the procedure for investigating osmosis using potato cylinders?
      1. Cut equal-sized potato cylinders and weigh them.
      2. Place in varying concentrations of sugar solution.
      3. After a day, weigh again and calculate percentage change in mass.
      4. Plot results against sugar concentration.
      5. Identify concentration where no change in mass occurs.
    • What is active transport?
      Active transport is the movement of substances against a concentration gradient using energy
    • How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
      Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
    • What is mitosis?
      Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two identical cells
    • What are stem cells and their significance?
      • Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can specialize.
      • Found in embryos and bone marrow.
      • Can be used to treat conditions like diabetes and paralysis.
    • What are the components of the nervous system?
      The nervous system consists of the CNS (brain and spinal cord) and the PNS (peripheral nerves)
    • What is a reflex arc?
      A reflex arc is a neural pathway that bypasses the brain for faster responses
    • What is the function of the medulla oblongata?
      The medulla oblongata controls unconscious actions like heart rate and breathing
    • What is the role of the ciliary muscles in the eye?
      Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens to focus light on the retina
    • What is myopia?
      Myopia is the medical term for shortsightedness
    • What is the process of meiosis?
      Meiosis is the process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes
    • What are the advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
      Advantages of sexual reproduction:
      • Variation occurs, leading to better adaptation.
      • Increases chances of survival.

      Advantages of asexual reproduction:
      • Only one parent needed.
      • Faster reproduction.
    • What is a genome?
      A genome is the complete set of genetic material in an organism
    • What is the Human Genome Project?
      The Human Genome Project mapped out all human genes and their functions
    • What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
      Genotype is the genetic code, while phenotype is the expression of that code in characteristics
    • What are nucleotides?
      Nucleotides are the monomers that make up DNA, consisting of a sugar and phosphate group
    • How is mRNA involved in protein synthesis?
      mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes for protein assembly
    • What can harmful mutations cause?
      Harmful mutations can result in proteins that do not function properly
    • What term is given to the code stored in your DNA?
      Genotype
    • How is phenotype defined in genetics?
      Phenotype is how the genotype is expressed in characteristics.
    • What are the monomers that make up DNA strands called?
      Nucleotides
    • What are the components of a nucleotide?
      A nucleotide is made from a sugar and a phosphate group.
    • What are the four types of nucleotides in DNA?
      A, T, C, and G
    • Which nucleotide pairs with adenine (A) in DNA?
      Thymine (T) always pairs with adenine (A).
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