L4

• What does attribution refer to in psychology?

  Attribution refers to how individuals perceive and explain the causes of events and behaviors.
• How does attribution affect individuals?

  Attribution affects individuals' feelings and actions.
• What is a Likert Scale used for?


  A Likert Scale is a tool used to measure attitudes.
• What does a Likert Scale consist of?

  A Likert Scale consists of a statement followed by multiple response options.
• What did Frey and Rogner's research (1987) find about individuals who blame themselves for accidents?

  Individuals who blame themselves for accidents tend to spend more time in the hospital.
• How many days do individuals who blame themselves for accidents spend in the hospital compared to those who do not?

  Individuals who blame themselves spend 30 days in the hospital, while those who do not spend 20 days.
• What are the characteristics of pessimistic and optimistic attribution styles?

  • Pessimistic Style: Negative outlook, expecting the worst.
  • Optimistic Style: Positive attitude, expecting favorable outcomes.
  • Both styles influence health, with pessimists often experiencing negative health impacts over time.
• How do positive and negative attributions affect self-esteem?

  Positive attributions boost self-esteem, while negative attributions can decrease it.
• How do attributions affect feelings of control?

  Attributing success to internal traits enhances feelings of control, while victim-blaming can lead to negative outcomes.
• What are the levels of analysis in attribution according to Doise (1976)?

  1. Intrapersonal Level: Individual criteria for making attributions.
  2. Interpersonal Level: Attributions in face-to-face interactions.

  • Actor-Observer Effect: Attributing own actions to external factors.
  • Self-Serving Bias: Claiming credit for successes, not failures.

  1. Intergroup Level: Different groups explaining behaviors.
  2. Societal Level: Cultural differences in attribution.
• What is the Actor-Observer Effect?

  The Actor-Observer Effect is when individuals attribute their own actions to external factors while attributing others’ actions to internal factors.
• What is the Self-Serving Bias?

  The Self-Serving Bias is when people claim credit for their successes but not for their failures.
• How do Western and non-Western cultures differ in their attribution explanations?

  Western cultures favor dispositional explanations, while non-Western cultures lean towards environmental explanations.
• What does Kelley’s Attribution Theory involve?

  Kelley’s Attribution Theory involves consistency, consensus, and distinctiveness in understanding behaviors.
• What does Correspondent Inference Theory suggest about behavior attribution?

  Correspondent Inference Theory suggests that people attribute behaviors to internal traits rather than external factors.