psychodynamic approach

• who started the psychodynamic approach 


  freud
• psychodynamic approach evaluation

  • +ve
  • led to the practical application of psychotherapy/ psychoanalysis
  • used to treat mental disorders
  • done by uncovering problems to give insight
  • used to help recover memory of abuse as memories are repressed into unconscious for eg
• psychodynamic approach evaluation

  • -ve
  • psychotherapy can't be used this treat all disorders
  • may cause further harm tot hose with psychosis
  • replaced by CBT in 1950s
• psychodynamic approach evaluation

  • -ve
  • Freud's use of case studies
  • eg little Hans
  • little Hans was an example of Oedipus complex
  • can't generalise findings
  • the observations and interviews are subjective
  • done by father
  • applied Oedipus complex to child to explain behaviour didn't use research to find theories
• psychodynamic approach evaluation

  • -ve
  • unscientific
  • can't replicate research
  • used case studies
  • impossible to replicate
  • scientific= falsifiable
  • none of the theories are
  • eg existence of superego
  • can't study an abstract concept
• psychodynamic approach evaluation

  • -ve
  • pyshcic determinism
  • Freud felt that. the unconscious is the driving force behind behaviour
  • can't even prove it exists
  • abstract concepts
  • early experiences effect life as well
  • not all become bad adults
  • doesn't support
  • should be predictable but isn't
  • psychic determinism isnt supported by evidence
• What does bias refer to in the context of gender or culture?

  Bias refers to treating a gender or culture unfairly.
• What is internal validity concerned with?

  Internal validity is concerned with whether other variables affect the results.
• What is the nature vs. nurture debate about?

  The nature vs. nurture debate discusses the influence of genetics versus environment on behavior.
• What is the difference between hard determinism and soft determinism?

  Hard determinism suggests that behavior cannot be changed, while soft determinism suggests that it can.
• What is the distinction between reductionism and holism?

  Reductionism focuses on one aspect, while holism considers the whole context.
• What does external validity refer to?


  External validity refers to the ability to apply findings outside of the experimental setting.
• What are ethical considerations in research?

  Ethics in research refers to treating cultures or genders fairly.
• What does the term applications refer to in research?

  Applications refer to how research can be used positively to change behavior in the world.
• What does methodology refer to in the context of research?

  Methodology refers to how the experiment was carried out.
• What distinguishes scientific theories from unscientific theories?


  A scientific theory is based on facts and must be falsifiable, while unscientific theories lack these qualities.
• What is required for a theory to be considered falsifiable?

  A theory must have replicable research to be considered falsifiable.
• What is the definition of a scientific theory?

  A scientific theory is a theory based on fact that must be falsifiable.
• personality according to psychodynamic approach

  • made up of 3 parts Id ego and super ego
  • id - selfish part that seeks pleasure formed from birth
  • ego - rational balancing is and super ego - reality principle 18mon - to 3 yr
  • super ego - acts as moral guide conscience based on parental/ social values - formed between 3-6 yr
• 3 defence mechanisms

  displacement

  denial

  repression
• defence mechanism displayed

  displacement

  this is when a strong emotion is projected onto a safe or neutral object/ person - Jed focuses anger onto locker
• role of unconscious

  protects us from anxiety/trauma

  repressed memories are there

  helps to protect us from desires that are too evil

  or

  driving force behind personality

  I'd ego super ego

  contains instincts
• wundt


  father if psychology

  tried to understand brain structure - structuralism

  made People react to stimulus and report - introspection

  criticisms - not scientific as research isn't falsifiable - memory depends on other factors too much
• oral


  0-1

  • fixation on breastfeeding
  • if child is overindulged they will be greedy and child like in adult hood
  • verbally abusive
  • under indulged they will become untrusting and independent
• anal stage 


  2-3

  • toilet training
  • parent too relaxed - messy adult as they enjoy the time - expulsive
  • too strict - won't ggo out of fear of punishment
  • neat adult - retentive
• phallic stage

  3-6

  • develop Oedipus complex
  • develop sexual feelings towards mother
  • father is a rival
  • castration anxiety - believes mother was castrated and father will do the same to him due to feelings
  • can't defeat father - must become father to gain love
  • identification - takes in father's beliefs
  • superego is born
• Electra complex

  Carl Jung

  • girls desire father
  • develops penus evny
  • repressed this desire for her father and substitutes desires for a baby instead
  • represses and identifies with mother
• latency stage

  6-puberty

  • libido becomes dormant
  • psychosexual development stops
  • child develops relationships with others like teachers and family
  • develop skills needed for adult life
• gential


  puberty

  • libido becomes active again
  • develops interest towards opposite sex
  • lasts all life
  • if others stages were successfully completed the child should be well balanced and have healthy sexual relationships
• structuralism and introspection evaluation 


  -ve not seen as a scientific theory structuralism is not scientific as it's research (introspection) isn't falsifiable can't be repeated

  -ve not internally valid

  memory amd thought also would depend on too many other factors

  + first person to study psychology as a science

  helped build credibility
• what is the conscious 


  contains thoughts and perceptions we are aware of it's logical and reasonable
• what is the unconscious 


  where the desires that are too damaging for you to be aware of are repressed
• what is the precocious 


  thoughts/memories that can be brought forward and where info from the unconscious can go to the conscious
• what are the parts of Freud's tripartite model of personality 


  id

  ego

  superego
• what does the id do


  works based on pleasure principle and is the selfish part of personality

  it wants immediate gratification and has no understanding of outside world
• where are inate drives found

  id
• what does the ego do

  works on reality principle and learns how to get what you want when you don't get instant gratification

  serves needs of id
• what does superego do


  works based on morality principle develops an understanding of the world

  understands laws and values

  develop guilt and morals
• what is displacement


  displace emotion onto a safer target
• what is denial


  If an experience/desire is too painful the individual refuses to accept it