Religion

• Who criticized the English Church during the time of Wolsey?

  Humanists
• What is pluralism in the context of the Church?


  Pluralism is when one cleric holds more than one church office.
• Who was a notable pluralist mentioned in the study material?

  Wolsey
• What is absenteeism in the context of the Church?

  Absenteeism is when clerics are absent from their church office.
• What often caused absenteeism among clerics?

  Absenteeism was often caused by pluralism or royal service.
• What is simony?


  Simony is the sin where church offices are bought or sold.
• What does nepotism refer to in the context of the Church?

  Nepotism is when church office is given to relatives of powerful men rather than well-qualified candidates.
• Why were there uneducated clergy in the Church?

  Uneducated clergy existed because church livings at the lower end were often poorly endowed, making it hard to find well-educated men.
• What complaints were made about wealthy clergy?

  Complaints included that higher clergy enjoyed too much worldly wealth and were often engaged in government and politics instead of church affairs.
• How were criticisms of the Church during Wolsey's rule characterized?

  Criticisms were muted during Wolsey’s rule.
• When did most anticlericalism begin to emerge?

  Most anticlericalism dates from the 1530s and later.
• How was the English Church viewed in the 1520s?

  The English Church in the 1520s was well respected and highly regarded.
• Who ultimately ran the Church during Wolsey's time?

  Ultimately, the king ran the Church, not Wolsey.
• What is Erastianism in relation to the Church?

  Erastianism is the control of the Church by the king or secular power.
• What type of Church was the English Church described as?

  The English Church was an Erastian Church.
• How were the bishops characterized during this time?

  The bishops were able and worthy men who served the king and the Church.
• Who was particularly respected for opposing the king’s campaign to annul his marriage?

  Bishop Fisher
• What does Wolsey’s career illustrate about the Church?

  Wolsey’s career illustrates that the Church represented the only way for talented commoners to rise to positions of power and influence.
• By the 1530s, what was the general attitude of people in England towards the reform of the Church?


  Almost all people were ready to accept the need for reform of the Church.
• What was Sir Thomas More's position regarding reform and royal supremacy?

  He supported reform and humanist ideas but opposed royal supremacy.
• What term can be used to describe powerful figures who accepted religious changes after 1529 but remained conservative at heart?

  They might be called Henricians.
• How did the Bishop of Winchester and other bishops view the Supremacy and the Break with Rome?

  They agreed with the Supremacy and Break with Rome but opposed doctrinal change and the destruction of images.
• What was the stance of erastians and pragmatists regarding the King's power during the Reformation?

  They recognized the King’s power and thought it wrong to oppose the Supreme Head of the Church actively.
• How did the nobility react to the changes during the Reformation?

  The nobility remained loyal to the Crown but were not enthusiastic about the changes.
• What significant doctrinal change did the King’s Supremacy represent?

  It meant that England had broken away from Papal control and was not part of the Catholic Church.
• What were the Ten Articles of 1536?

  They made limited moves towards Lutheran ideas and were passed through Convocation by the bishops.
• What was the relationship between the King, Cromwell, and the Lutheran Princes in Germany?

  The King and Cromwell were interested in a possible alliance with the Lutheran Princes in Germany.
• How did Catholics and Lutherans differ in their beliefs about the Eucharist?

  Catholics believed in transubstantiation, while Lutherans believed in consubstantiation.
• What was the Catholic doctrine of justification compared to the Lutheran idea?

  Catholics believed justification was through faith joined with charity, while Lutherans believed in justification by faith alone.
• Which three sacraments were discussed and approved in the Bishops’ Book of 1537?

  The Eucharist, Baptism, and Penance were discussed and approved.
• What was the significance of the Bishops’ Book in relation to the Ten Articles?

  It was drawn up to fill in the gaps left in the Ten Articles and involved fierce debate among bishops.
• How did Henry VIII's corrections to the Bishops' Book reflect his views on salvation?

  His corrections were designed to ensure that good works were seen as necessary for salvation.
• What were the main directives of Cromwell’s Injunctions of 1536?


  Clergy were to educate children in Christian beliefs and preach in favor of the Supremacy and the Ten Articles.
• What changes were made regarding Holy Days in Cromwell’s Injunctions of 1536?

  The number of Holy Days was reduced.
• What actions were taken regarding religious images in Cromwell’s Injunctions of 1538?

  Religious images were to be taken down, and candles in front of images were forbidden.
• What was the significance of the English Bible according to Cromwell’s Injunctions?

  Both sets of Injunctions urged the introduction of English Bibles into parish churches.
• How did Protestants and Catholics differ in their views on the vernacular Bible?

  Protestants insisted on a vernacular Bible for true religion, while Catholics were concerned about lay exposure leading to disagreements.
• What was the impact of the English Bible on Protestant theology?


  The English Bible was a major step towards a Protestant theology.
• What indications were there that the Reformation was on hold during 1538-40?

  There were clear indications of a return to Catholic doctrines and beliefs, including the execution of John Lambert.
• What was the Act of Six Articles and its significance?

  It enshrined clear Catholic beliefs and had more authority than the Ten Articles.