bottom up approach

• What does offender profiling provide?

  A description of possible characteristics of the criminal and predictions about future crimes
• What types of characteristics are included in offender profiling?

  Social, mental, and physical characteristics
• In what types of crimes is offender profiling primarily used?

  In murder and rape cases
• What is a requirement for using offender profiling?

  There must be a pattern that can be evaluated
• How many sexual assault cases did Canter study?

  66 sexual assault cases
• What did Canter's study reveal about crime scene events?


  Clusters of events commonly occur together
• What are the four important pieces of information identified by Canter?

  Interpersonal coherence, time and place, criminal career, and forensic awareness
• What does interpersonal coherence refer to in offender profiling?

  How the criminal behaves at the crime scene reveals aspects of their personality
• Why is time and place important in offender profiling?


  It gives clues about where the perpetrator may work or live
• What does the criminal career aspect consider?

  How far into the criminal career the perpetrator is and whether their crimes are likely to develop
• What does forensic awareness indicate about an offender?

  Whether they are aware of forensic evidence that may be left at the scene of the crime
• What was the case of the railway rapist about?

  A series of rapes that turned into murders near railway stations in England
• How did Canter profile the railway rapist?

  He identified patterns in the criminal behavior using his database
• What was the outcome of Canter's profiling in the railway rapist case?

  John Duffy was arrested, matching the profile provided by Canter
• Who was Babb in relation to Canter's profiling work?

  A serial rapist caught by Canter
• What pattern did Canter notice in Babb's rapes?

  The perpetrator responded to the discomfort of his victims
• How does the FBI's top-down approach differ from Canter's approach?

  Canter's approach is based on statistical analysis rather than intuition
• what does Geographic profiling (the study of spatial behavior in relation to crime and offenders) assume/believe?

  • Crime locations are not random
  • Familiarity is important to the offender
  • Patterns of offenses form a circle around the offender's base
• What are the two types of offenders proposed by Canter?

  Marauders and commuters
• What did Canter and Lundrigan find in their study of 120 murder cases?(support for geographical profiling)

  Significant geographical consistency in the behavior of all killers
• What does the "centre of gravity" theory suggest?


  The offender's base is found in the center of the pattern of crimes
• What did Kocsis's study examine regarding investigative experience?

  The ability of detectives and chemistry students to profile from a real closed case
• What was the surprising result of Kocsis's study?

  Inexperienced chemistry students produced the most accurate profiles
• Why might detectives perform worse in profiling according to Kocsis's study?


  They may fill in the blanks due to past experiences and guesses
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Canter's profiling approach compared to the FBI's top-down approach?

  Strengths:

  • Based on statistical analysis
  • More scientific and valid in psychology

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • May not account for all variables
  • Relies on patterns that may not always exist
• what is geographical profiling based upon?

  schema theory and mental mapping