Definitions

• Active immunity 


  Form of immunity provided by the immune response of the body upon detection of a pathogen
• Active transport 


  The active movement of substance from a low concentration to a higher concentration with the use of energy in the form of ATP
• Agglutination 


  Clumping together of cells or particles caused by antibodies which assists phagocytosis
• Antibodies 


  A protein found in the blood that is produced by plasma cells which binds to antigens as a part of the immune response
• antigen

  Marker molecule that can be detected by antibodies and trigger an immune reponse
• Binary fission 


  Method of cell division that prokaryotic cells use involving replication of the circular DNA and plasmids followed by cytoplasmic division
• Cell cycle 


  Series of stages preparing the cell for division consisting of interphase and mitosis
• Cell surface membrane 


  A phospholipid bilayer studded with proteins that surrounds cells and separates them from their environment
• Cell vacuole 


  A membrane bound structure found in plant cells that contains cell sap
• cell wall

  A permeable layer that surrounds plant, algae and fungi cells. Made of polysaccharides which provides strength to the wall
• chloroplasts 


  an organelle found in the plants and algae that is the site of photosynthesis
• Clonal expansion 


  the production of many genetically identical daughter cells through cell division of the activated B or T lymphocytes
• Co-transport 


  A method of membrane transport where two substances are both transported across a membrane at the same time either in the same direction or opposite directions
• Cytokinesis 


  Division of the cytoplasm to produce two new cells
• Facilitated diffusion 


  The passive movement of substances from a high concentration to a low concentration through transport proteins without the use of energy
• Flagella 


  A whip like structure found on bacterial cells that is used for cell movement
• Golgi apparatus


  An organelle found in the eukaryotic cells that is involved in the modification and packaging of proteins
• Helper T cell 


  A type of cell in the immune system that stimulates cytotoxic T cells, B cells and Phagocytes
• Herd immunity 


  A type of disease immunity that occurs when a larger proportion of a population are vaccinated against a disease which prevents the spread of the disease to the unvaccinated population
• HIV


  A virus that attacks T cells in the immune system and can lead to AIDS
• Lysosomes 


  Membrane bound vesicles found in a cytoplasm that contain a hydrolytic enzyme called lysozymes
• Magnification 


  Image size = Actual size x magnification
• Mitochondrion 


  An organelle found in eukaryotic cells that is the site of aerobic respiration
• Mitosis


  The part of the cell cycle in which a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two daughter cells (each with identical copies of DNA)
• Monoclonal antibodies 


  Identical antibodies that have been produced by an immune cell that has been cloned from a parent cell
• Nucleus 


  Stores genetic information as chromosomes and is surrounded by a membrane called the nucleus envelope
• Osmosis 


  Passive diffusion of water particles through a selective semi permeable membrane without the use of energy
• Passive immunity 


  A form of immunity provided by the introduction of antibodies to a disease into the body.
• Phagocytosis 


  Process where phagocytes engulf and destroy material
• Plasmids 


  A circular loop of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
• Primary immune reponse 


  The response produced by an immune system with it encounters a pathogen for the first time
• Ribosomes 


  Organelles found either free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound that are involved in the synthesis of proteins
• RER 


  A membrane bound organelle that is involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.
• secondary immune response 


  The response produced by the immune system when it recognises a pathogen that it has enountered before.
• simple diffusion 


  the passive spreading out of substances from high to low concentration without the use of energy
• SER


  A membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis of lipids
• Vaccine 


  The introduction of dead or inactive pathogens to stimulate an immune response and provide long term immunity.